30 
over which the bulbs roll until they come to openings large enough to 
pass through. 
In the Netherlands, various other forms of sizers are employed. 
The ^Vlinder" is probably the most widely used machine. It is 
essentially an oscillating plane made up of sections of rawhide 
perforated in accordance with the conventional methods of sizing 
bulbs. 
Another machine is a hexagonal revolving drum made up of 
sections, each of which separates one size of bulb. It is similar in 
principle to the common gravel screen used in this country. 
Calipers. — These instruments are used to measure individual 
bulbs. One form consists of a thin piece of veneered wood in which 
are bored holes varying usually from 3 to 23 centimeters in circum- 
ference. (PL X, Fig. 1.) A more convenient form is put up in five 
veneered strips about 3^ by 12 inches, superimposed upon each other 
and fastened together so as to open like a fan. (PL X, Fig. 2.) 
Blowers. — The blower used in this work is a grain fanning mill, 
with the wind, sieves, and padding so adjusted as to accommodate 
the handling of planting stock of bulbs. This winnows out the dry 
scales and light material from a mass of small bulbs. (See p. 22.) 
Lug boxes. — The lug boxes used need not be essentially different 
from the fruit lug box, and they are used in the same way in hauling 
bulbs from the field at harvest time and back to the field again at 
planting time. These should, of course, be as light as consistent 
with the necessary strength. 
Spud. — A good spud is an essential tool for roguing, i. e., taking 
out stray bulbs from the beds at blossoming time, when they can be 
most easily detected. It can be made with a strong fork handle 
30 inches long, attached to a steel blade 2 inches wide and 8 inches 
long with a short curved shank inserted into the handle through an 
ordinary ferrule. This has been found the most serviceable tool for 
removing a bulb from a thick planting with as little disturbance as 
possible of neighboring bulbs. 
Trowel. — The common garden trowel used in this country is poorly 
adapted for use among bulbs. A tool of this kind with a flat blade 
is much more serviceable. In very light soil such a tool can be used 
for digging. 
THE DUTY OF LABOR. 
In any consideration of the duty of labor the climatic factor plays 
a very important part. Tulip-bulb production can be conducted 
best in a region of relatively low, uniform average temperatures, and 
this is where labor is most efficient. If the digging and planting of 
the bulbs must be done in very hot weather, labor efficiency is very 
much reduced. On Puget Sound the weather conditions are ideal. 
