PRODUCING MARKET MILK IN NORTHWESTERN INDIANA. 9 
CREDITS PER COW FOR THE WINTER, SUMMER, AND ENTIRE YEAR. 
During the first year of this study living calves were produced by 
80 per cent of the cows, while 94 per cent produced live calves the' 
second year. The average value of these calves was $10.08. Most of 
the heifer calves were raised by the dairymen who produced them, 
but some were sold to neighbors to be raised. The grade bull calves 
were vealed and usually sold for about $10 each, which was also about 
the average price of heifer calves which were sold to be raised. 
Since the purebred cows were given the same values as grade cows 
of like producing ability, the purebred bull calves were credited to the 
herds at what they would have been worth when 4 days old to fatten 
for veal, and, similarly, the purebred heifer calves were given the 
same value as grade heifer calves. The value of milk consumed by 
veal calves was covered in the selling price of the calves. 
CREDIT FOR MANURE. 
The average credit allowed per cow per year for manure and bed- 
ding included the manure from the bulls, and represents what w r as or 
could have been saved by practicable methods of handling. Since the 
total cost of keeping bulls is charged against the cows under overhead 
and other costs, the manure from the bulls is included as a direct 
credit to the herd. Of this total credit per cow 5.6 tons of manure 
and bedding were produced by the cows alone in the winter, and 0.7 
of a ton of manure in the summer, amounting to 6.3 tons of manure 
and bedding per cow per year. (See page 23.) 
Table 5. — Credits for calves and manure per cow {bull manure included), and fertilizing 
constituents contained in the manure and bedding. 
Item. 
Winter. Summer. Year, 
Calves per cow 
Manure per cow tons. . 
Constituents of manure: 
Nitrogen pounds. . 
Phosphoric acid > do 
Potash do 
0.44 
5.9 
57.4 
18.6 
58.8 
0.43 
0.9 
2.8 
8.2 
0.87 
6.8 
66.3 
21.4 
67.0 
REQUIREMENTS FOR KEEPING A BULL. 
The record on one bull for one month, called a bull-month, was taken 
as a working unit. The number of bull-months for the winter and 
summer periods was the same. 
On 10 of the farms the bulls w r ere allowed to run wdth the cows, and 
on some of the others were either put on cables or tethered out in the 
summer and so required little attention, which accounts for the smaller 
amount of labor per bull in the summer period. In some cases the 
bulls which ran with the cows were not put into the barns at all 
while the pasture was plentiful, and received no attention other than 
being driven from the pasture with the herd. 
174719°— 20— Bull. 858 2 
