44 BULLETIN 1429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
burrow. The entrances to the egg cells are filled with sand so as to 
close them off from the burrow inhabited by the female. As many as 
9 to 11 cells are formed, each containing a single egg. 
All attempts to establish this species were unsuccessful, these 
failures probably being due to a decided change in the ecological 
habitat. In Japan Craspedonotus is found only in sandy regions with 
open vegetation, whereas at Riverton the place of introduction was a 
heavier soil covered with a dense plant growth. Since this beetle is 
found in the sandy banks at Koiwai in northern Japan, it would seem 
that the temperature 
factor was not the lim- 
iting one in the failure 
of the species to become 
established in America. 
LIFE HISTORY OF PO- 
PILLIA JAPONICA IN 
JAPAN 
As has been pre- 
viously mentioned, the 
varying life cycle of 
Popillia as it occurs in 
Japan has an important 
bearing on certain of its 
parasites. When this is 
compared with the life 
^^ JllK - t 8M ^sw cycle in the United 
^ M m ^S States it will be seen 
that further conditions 
will undoubtedly arise 
which will have an im- 
portant bearing on the 
parasite-introduction 
problem, and it is 
therefore important 
that these points should 
be further discussed. 
PopiUia japonica is 
found on all of the 
t \ main islands of Japan, 
/ • \ but does not extend to 
jj^ \^ the Asiatic mainland. 
FiG. 29.— Craspedonotus tibialis, female It IS most abundant in 
the northern half of 
Honshu and all of Hokkaido in the areas where grasslands occur. 
This northern habitat corresponds somewhat in climate to that of j 
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Nowhere in Japan is it a pest of 
much economic importance. 
At Yokohama (lat.35.5° N.) Popillia is common but not abundant 
enough to be of any importance as a plant pest. Here the first 
beetles of the season appear as early as May 28, the maximum numbers 
being found in the field about June 20, after which date a gradual 
decline takes place and by July 25 only a very few stragglers are found. 
