OBJECT-LESSON AND EXPERIMENTAL ROADS, 1912-13. 19 
was 30 feet and the surfaced width 17 feet. This road lies between De Kalb 
and Moscow, and is a part of what is known as the Jackson Road. The ad- 
jacent land is hilly. Work was begun on September 20, 1912, and was com- 
pleted on November 5, 1912. The only sand available for surfacing was very 
fine grained and of poor quality. It was obtained from a pit and hauled to 
the road in farm wagons for approximately 1.5 miles. 
The grading was done with a road machine, a railroad plow, and five slip 
scrapers. The total area graded was 13,833 square yards, and the cost of 
grading was $282.04. No record was kept of the quantity of material moved 
in grading. The subgrade was shaped for surfacing at a cost of $0,003 per 
square yard, or $20.58 for the 7,839 square yards surfaced. 
Sand to the amount of 1,524 cubic yards was used for surfacing, and the cost 
of surfacing was distributed as follows: Hauling 1,524 cubic yards of sand, at 
$0.49 per cubic yard, $743.20; spreading 1,524 cubic yards of sand, at $0,007 
per cubic yard, $10.60 ; and mixing 7,839 square yards of surface, at $0,006 per 
square yard, $48.54 ; making the total cost of surfacing $802.34. 
The other items of expense were : Ditching, $25.55 ; clearing and grubbing, 
$41.38; excavation for a bridge, $2. SO ; general expenses (foreman, cook, etc.), 
$112.42; and miscellaneous expenses (camp, trips for provisions, etc.), $34.50. 
This makes a total cost to the community of $1,321.61, or a cost per square yard 
of $0,096* 
All grading and other work on the road was done by the county convict force 
with county teams, and the cost per convict was $0.40 per day, and the cost 
per team $0.80 per day. The surfacing material was hauled by contributed 
labor, the money value of which has been rated at $1 per day per man and 
$2.50 per day per team. 
Calypso, N. C. — A section of road leading from Calypso southeast toward 
Kenansville was graded and surfaced between September 4 and September 14, 
1912. The adjacent land is slightly rolling and the soil is sandy throughout 
the length of the section. The grading consisted in plowing the ditches and 
bringing the road to the proper cross section with a road machine. A small 
amount of material was moved for an average distance of 50 feet with drag 
scrapers. For 1,650 feet the road was graded 24 feet wide and surfaced 14 
feet wide, making the area graded 4,400 square yards and the area surfaced 
2,563 square yards. The crown of the finished roadway was three-fourths inch 
to 1 foot. Clay to the amount of 24S cubic yards was hauled an average dis- 
tance of 2,400 feet, and 55 cubic yards of sand was hauled an average distance 
of 1,760 feet. Farm wagons having an approximate capacity of 1 cubic yard 
were used for hauling both sand and clay. They were loaded and unloaded 
with shovels. Two corrugated-iron culverts were ordered for this work, but 
were not received before the surfacing was completed. Directions were fur- 
nished for placing them. 
The equipment consisted of 1 road machine, 1 rooter plow, 1 turn plow, 1 
split-log drag, 2 drag scrapers, 1 disk harrow, farm wagons, and hand tools. 
Labor cost $1 and $1.50 per day and teams cost $1.20 and $2.50 per day. The 
total cost of the work was $133.60, which is at the rate of $0.0521 per square 
yard. The principal items of cost were: Grading and shaping the subgrade, 
$38.60; loading sand, $3.75; hauling sand, $6.25; spreading sand, $1.50, loading 
clay, $22.65 ; hauling clay, $49.25 ; spreading clay, $5.50 ; mixing clay and sand, 
$4.80 ; and final shaping with a drag, $1.60. 
Jerusalem, N. C. — A sand-clay road running from Cooleemee northeast to 
Jerusalem was begun on September 3, 1912, and completed on October 18, 1912. 
The land adjacent to the road is rolling and the soil varies from " black jack " 
