18 BULLETIN 53, U. S. DEPAKTMENT OF AGKICULTUKE. 
cent to the road is slightly rolling and the soil varies from a heavy plastic clay 
to a loam clay rich in lime, with blue clay occurring from station 17 to station 
20. The maximum cut was 0.3 foot and the maximum fill 1.6 feet. The maxi- 
mum grade was reduced from 3.4 to 2.9 per cent. The minimum grade remained 
level. Labor cost $1 and teams $3 per 10-hour day. 
The road was constructed by grading and shaping the old road, providing the 
necessary drainage structures, and surfacing with a mixture of sand-clay. The 
sand used in surfacing was obtained from a pit and mixed with clay from the 
road. The sand was hauled in ordinary farm wagons having a capacity of 
approximately 1 cubic yard, and the mixing was done with disk and spike-tooth 
harrows and plows. The final finishing and shaping was done with a split-log 
drag. Two reinforced concrete pipe culverts were constructed, each 16 feet in 
length. The one at station 33 had a diameter of 30 inches and the other at 
station 42+81 had a diameter of 24 inches. The forms for these culverts con- 
sisted of collapsible cylinders and the reinforcement of heavy woven- wire fenc- 
ing. The end walls of the 30-inch culvert were 10 feet long and 9 inches thick. 
Those of the 24-inch culvert were 9 feet long and 8 inches thick. The equipment 
consisted of one 8-horse road grader, 1 road plow, 2 No. 1 drag scrapers, 1 split- 
log drag, 1 disk harrow, 1 spike-tooth harrow, collapsible culvert forms, picks, 
shovels, etc. 
The total length graded was 4,0S0 feet. The width graded was 26 feet in cuts 
and 20 feet in fills, making a total graded area of 11,7S7 square yards. For 
2.450 feet the road was prepared for surfacing, but only 1,150 feet was finished. 
The width surfaced was 14 feet, making a total surfaced area of 3,344.4 square 
yards. The sand was spread to a loose depth of 6 inches and the crown of the 
finished roadway was 1 inch to 1 foot. In the excavation 692 cubic yards of 
material was moved, with an average haul of 10 feet and a maximum haul of 
50 feet. Sand to the amount of 583.3 cubic yards was used for surfacing and 
the average haul from the sand pit to the road was 1.7 miles. In the construc- 
tion of the culverts 12.3 cubic yards of concrete was used, and the gravel for 
this work was hauled by rail for a distance of 76 miles, and then by wagon 0.6 
mile from the siding to the road. 
Cement cost $0.55 a sack and gravel $1,155 per cubic yard f. o. b. siding. The 
total cost of the road to the community was $696.43, and the cost per square 
yard, taking each item of cost separately and disregarding culverts, was approxi- 
mately $0,158. The principal items of cost were as follows: Clearing and grub- 
bing. $7.25; rough grading 692 cubic yards, at $0.0942 per cubic yard, $65.20; 
preparing the subgrade, 3,700 square yards, at $0.0057 per square yard, $21.05; 
loading sand, 583.3 cubic yards, at $0.0612 per cubic yard, $35.70; hauling sand, 
583.3 cubic yards, at $0.6182 per cubic yard, $360.60; spreading sand, 583.3 cubic 
yards, at $0,031 per cubic yard, $18.10; mixing 3,344.4 square yards, at $0.0086 
per square yard, $28.90; shaping 6,211.1 square yards, at $0.0012 per square 
yard, $7.25; superintendence, $38.40; and incidentals, assembling tools, etc., 
$4. so. The total cost of the drainage system was $109.18, and this figure may be 
divided into the following items: Labor on the ditches, $16.80; excavating for 
tbe culverts and backfilling over them, $11.40; hauling the gravel, cement, and 
water 0.6 mile. $14.05; labor on the forms, $4.20; mixing and placing the con- 
crete, $8; 18 cubic yards of gravel, at $1,155 per cubic yard, $20.79; 52 sacks of 
cemeut, at $0.55 per sack, $2S.60; 50 feet b. m. lumber, at $16 per thousand, 
$oxo: 8 rods of heavy woveu-wire fence, at 28 cents per rod, $2.24; 6 pounds of 
nails, at $0.05 per pound, 30 cents; and 2 gallons of linseed oil, at $1 per gal- 
lon. $2. 
Moscow, Miss. — A section of clay road 4,150 feet in length at Moscow, Miss., 
was partially relocated, graded, and surfaced with sand-clay. The graded width 
