46 BULLETIN 229, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
their transportation would be costly. A few negro hands might be 
secured to teach the Mexicans, but whether the results would be 
satisfactory is, of course, unknown. In California both Indian and 
white labor is available in many timbered portions that have tur- 
pentine possibilities, but here also the chippers would have to be 
taught how to use a hack. 
The shorter season in Arizona, as compared with that of the South- 
east, and the comparative severity of the winters in the timbered 
parts of the State, might make it necessary to discontinue operations 
entirely for a few months during the winter. This would necessitate 
the reorganization of the operating force each spring, with a great 
many attendant difficulties. The flow continued longer in California 
than in Arizona, the experimental areas in the former State showing 
a considerably higher average temperature than those in the latter, 
though the diurnal range of temperature in California was greater. 
Western yellow pine timber generally grows in open stands free 
from underbrush, and in most cases there would be little, if any, 
more difficulty in moving the crude gum than in the Southeast. On 
rough ground burro pack trains might be used. Two small kegs or 
buckets, holding about 150 pounds of dip, could be slung on each 
animal. 
The number of cups that can be hung on an acre of average west- 
ern yellow pine compares favorably with the number hung on many 
areas now being turpentined in the Southeast. The western trees 
are larger than most of the southeastern ones, though their bark is 
thicker and rougher, and the outer portion must be removed before 
the trees are chipped. This, of course, means the expense of an 
extra step not necessary in southeastern operations. Such work can 
be done by the use of a broadaxe or heavy spade-shaped tool with 
a cutting edge. 
The cost of securing turpentine rights in the Southeast is constantly 
rising, and it is likely that turpentine stumpage could be leased at 
lower rates in the West. At present the turpentine and rosin used 
in the West is shipped from the Gulf States, and the advantage of 
cutting out a two or three thousand milejiaul to western markets is 
evident. 
The naval stores industry is not new in California. During the 
Civil War when the supply of naval stores from the South was cut 
off an attempt was made to supply the northern States from the 
Pacific coast. The industry remained active for four or five years, 
but suddenly declined when North Carolina again came into the 
market after the close of the war. 
The commercial success of turpentine operations in the Southwest 
will be doubtful until tried on a commercial scale. Nearly as much 
turpentine and rosin were obtained from western yellow pine as from 
