THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY. 83 
gash made by a chisel (Plate IX-5) with a cutting edge in the shape 
of the arc of a circle. Below the cutting edge is a socket into which 
the gutter fits. The gutters are 8 inches long and 2 inches wide, and 
in some cases are provided with five teeth. A gash 0.2 inch deep has 
been found sufficient to hold the gutters, since the resin soon enters 
the wound and acts as a cement. 
The pots used are made of glazed earthenware, conical in shape, 4J 
inches wide at the top, 3 inches at the bottom, 6 inches high, with a 
capacity of about 1 quart (1 liter). The cup rests on the ground the 
first year, and is raised along with the gutter at the beginning of each 
succeeding year of operation. The upper part of the pot is held in 
place by the gutter, which projects out and downward, while the 
base rests on a nail driven into the tree. The top of the cup is never 
provided with a hole for hanging on a nail. 
CHIPPING. 
Chipping is begun about the first of March and ends the latter part 
of October. A total of 40 chippings is usually made in one season. 
The chipping tool (abschot) is of two types : One type is a com- 
bined adz and gouge, the blade hanging at right angles to the handle, 
its edge shaped like the arc of a circle. In the other type the blade is 
parallel to the handle, but bent outward so that the cutting edge does 
not fall within the plane of the handle. 
In using the abschot the workman stands to one side and in front of 
the face, with the handle between his legs (Plate X) . In removing the 
chip the blade is inserted at the extreme upper corner of the face and 
is drawn diagonally toward the workman. Little effort but great 
skill is required. 
The wood removed in chipping is in the form of shavings, so that the 
edges of the face are perfectly smooth, allowing the wound to heal 
rapidly. The face increases in height about 0.6 inch at each chipping. 
After the face is opened, chipping is repeated every 8 days from 
March to May, every 5 days from June to the end of August, and 
every 8 days from September to the middle of October or the first of 
November. 
After the face has reached the height of a man the abschot is dis- 
carded for the rasclet. The rasclet (Plate IX-4) has a hook-shaped 
blade, with its edge at right angles to the long handle, and the chip is 
removed by a pulling motion. In the case of leaning pines, wooden 
chips are inserted along the edge of the face to guide the resin toward 
the pot (Plate XI). 
The dimensions of the faces must conform to the tapping specifica- 
tion, and frequent inspection is made by government officials to see 
that these are carried out. Since the wages of the workman consist 
of half the proceeds from the sale of the resin, he naturally wishes to 
collect as much resin as possible, and is tempted to increase the size 
