THE NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY. 21 
streaks are made at the base of the tree, the last one being a "shade" 
streak or one which is undercut. The prolonged back of the cup is 
notched and bent to conform to the chipped surface. The cup is 
loosely hung on a nail, so as to be readily detachable for dipping. 
The first chipping is so made as to leave a band of bark and wood 1} 
to 2 inches wide over which the resin flows and drips into the cup. 
The last chipping of the season should be a shade streak, so that at 
the beginning of the succeeding season the cup may be raised and 
fitted under it and a strip of bark and wood left as before. 
Great care must be used in hanging these cups or the loss of resin 
will be excessive. It is difficult to make a shade streak close to the 
ground, and if a square streak is made the resin will flow between 
the tree and the cup. The cup in Plate VIII, figure 1, was originally 
hung so poorly that rehanging was necessary in the middle of the 
first season. The equipment for hanging cups of this class is sim- 
pler than in the case of those requiring gutters and aprons, and the 
necessity of gashing the tree with a broadax is obviated. 
Class 4. (Plate VII, fig. 2.) Two gutters of galvanized iron are 
inserted in a streak just above the cup which is hung on a nail. The 
gutters are semicircular in section and the ends are so riveted together 
that the gutter may be adjusted to any angle. To hang the gutter, 
a shade streak is made and the gutter fitted into it and held in posi- 
tion by means of two nails driven through holes made for the purpose. 
This gutter can be hung by one man and no special tools are re- 
quired. No wounding is necessary, except a single streak; and, 
owing to the rivet, the gutter will serve readily for small and large 
timber. Unless care is used in placing these gutters, however, the 
gum will flow between them and the tree. 
Class 5. The gum flows from two holes bored diagonally upward 
into the tree from a common point. The top of the receiving vessel 
consists of two caps at right angles, connected by a triangular tube. 
One cap is placed over the holes bored into the tree, while a glass 
cup screws into the horizontal cap. When full, the cups are un- 
screwed and emptied. When the flow ceases, the old holes are 
reamed out or new ones bored. Experiment has shown that the 
holes in the tree, as well as the tube in the receiving vessel, soon 
become plugged with gum, rendering the maintenance of a continu- 
ous flow an expensive operation. This method of tapping is worthy 
of mention, however, since by its means two highly desirable results 
in naval stores operations are obtained, namely, a pure gum and 
minimum damage to the timber. 
Material and shape of cups. — The great majority of cups on the 
market are made of clay or galvanized iron. The clay ones are the 
cheaper, and it is claimed for them that they yield a higher quality 
