50 BULLETIN 142, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
type of soil. It is only on the more rolling and better-drained up- 
lands, where both surface and internal drainage are well established 
and where the air drainage over the orchard sites is good that apple 
orcharding upon a commercial scale should be undertaken. Lower 
lying areas where water drainage is interrupted or where the air 
does not circulate freely should be avoided for any extensive apple 
planting. The varieties best suited to this type are the old standard 
northern winter apples, the Rhode Island Greening and the Northern 
Spy. Of these varieties the soil is probably best adapted to the 
Greening. Although other varieties may be grown, these are prefer- 
able for commercial plantings. 
The soil is altogether too heavy and the subsoil too dense for the 
production of peaches. Upon well-drained areas of the Miami clay 
loam the small fruits, particularly raspberries, currants, and straw- 
berries, do well and may be grown successfully not only for home 
supply but also for near-by city markets. 
There has been very little development of market gardening or 
trucking on this type, with the single exception of a locality in 
central Indiana, where tomatoes and green peas are the principal 
crops grown. There is an excellent opportunity for the production 
of cabbage and even of onions upon the lower lying portions of the 
type, especially where the dark-colored muck soil, which is frequently 
found in the hollows within the area of the type, has a depth of 6 to 
8 inches or more. 
In general, however, the Miami clay loam is too valuable as a grass 
and grain producing soil to be devoted to special crops, except in 
cases where local market demands are unusually strong, or where 
there are exceptional opportunities for rapid transportation to the 
larger cities. 
As a result of the crop adaptations of the Miami clay loam, the 
proper disposal of the farm crops annually produced has led the 
majority of farmers into some form of animal production to sup- 
plement the sale of corn, or wheat, or other grain crops. In some 
parts of Ohio and in southern Michigan dairying constitutes the 
chief means of such crop disposal. Both corn and hay are exten- 
sively fed to dairy cows, while the areas of pasture are utilized 
for the summer production of milk. A part of the milk is shipped 
to the large cities, but the greater part of it is sold to local cream- 
eries and cheese factories. In this connection young stock, includ- 
ing calves and swine in large numbers, are fed for the purpose of 
a supplementary sale of beef, veal, and pork. In central Indiana 
and west-central Ohio the fattening of beef cattle is an important 
industry on this type. It is within the area ocupied by the Miami 
clay loam also that the principal sheep-breeding industry still main- 
tained in the Eastern States is located. The sheep are now kept 
