ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FARMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 9 
general farms. Comparing the family income per farm it will be 
observed that this is $67 higher on the dairy farms. 
The labor income, which represents the amount of money the 
farmer received for his year's labor after paying all farm expenses, 
including the value of labor performed by his family, and 5 per cent 
interest on the capital invested, averaged $279 on the dairy and $291 
on the general farms. In addition to this these farmers received 
house rent and what the farm furnished toward the family living. 
Figure 6 shows labor income, receipts, and expenses for the 349 
farms arranged according to total acreage. Farms of the same total 
acreage have been arranged according to crop acreage — those having 
the lowest crop acreage being placed at the left of the acreage group. 
The upper half of the chart shows labor income (or loss) and the 
lower half receipts and expenses. The broken and solid bars taken 
together represent total receipts for the farm, the solid part repre- 
senting expenses and the broken part farm income; that is, the dif- 
ference between total receipts and expenses. For a few farms the 
bars are solid black; this means that on these farms expenses equaled 
or exceeded total receipts. The dotted lines connecting the two 
halves of the chart are put in at 10-acre intervals. 
This chart furnishes some interesting material for the man con- 
templating the purchase of a farm where conditions are similar to 
those prevailing here. For instance, if he has in mind a 60-acre 
farm, he will see that the farms of this size gave labor incomes of 
from minus $67 to plus $508. Thus the lower half of the chart, 
showing receipts and expenses, will give him a good indication of 
what he might reasonably expect to take in as receipts each year and 
about what proportion of receipts he might expect to pay out for 
expenses on farms of different sizes operated under such conditions 
as prevail in the Grove City area. 
In studying this chart it should always be borne in mind that there 
are efficiently operated farms of all sizes, and that not all the poor 
farms are small. While it is not possible to tell exactly how much 
money a man on a 60-acre farm in this area ought to make, this 
chart shows how much several average, several poor, and several 
good farmers actually did make in 1916. For this reason a study of 
this chart ought to be a valuable aid to the better interpretation of 
the tables of averages given elsewhere in the bulletin, as they show 
the range of possibilities for farms of any acreage. 
An interesting group of farms, each of 100 acres, appears at about 
the middle of the chart. Note the variation in labor income from 
a minus labor income of $302 and increasing to a plus labor income 
of $1,263. This group of farms of the same size shows that while 
acreage has an important bearing on labor income, there are a 
number of other factors that are equally important. 
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