ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FARMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 21 
Table XI is designed to show the crop yields and live-stock returns 
for the different size-groups of farms expressed in percentage of the 
average yields of all farms, known as the crop index. 1 
Table XI. — Average crop and live-stock index on 349 farms, Grove City, Pa., area. 
70 acres 
or 
under. 
71 to 
100 
acres. 
101 to 
130 
acres. 
Over 
130 
acres. 
102 
102 
99 
100 
99 
99 
101 
99 
This table shows that there is very little difference in the crop 
yields and returns per unit from live stock on the farms of different 
sizes. 
The crop yields expressed in percentage of the average for all 
farms in the region were 101 per cent on the dairy and 99 per cent on 
the general farms. The live-stock returns were 111 per cent of the 
average for the region on the dairy and 91 per cent on the general 
farms. This does not mean, however, that the live stock on the 
dairy farms was 20 per cent more profitable than that kept on the 
general farms. On the dairy farms the receipts per animal unit 
were higher, but the feed cost per animal unit was also higher, 
owing to the more expensive feeds consumed by the dairy stock. 
On the general farms, where more beef cattle and sheep are pro- 
duced, the returns are comparatively lower than dairy receipts, 
but the farmers are able to produce these at a much lower feed cost; 
and the net profit from such stock may be as high as from the dairy 
stock. 
The crop index on the large farms was practically as high as on the 
small farms, indicating that the old belief that the small farms pro- 
duce on the average the highest crop yields per acre is not justified 
by results in this area. 
i The crop index may be defined as the crop yields of a particular farm expressed in percentage of the 
average crop yields of all the farms in the community. It is found as in the following example: 
A particular farm produces- 
Acres. 
2,000 bushels of corn on 40 
1,200 bushels of wheat on... 40 
900 bushels of oats on . 30 
120 tons of hay on 80 
Total 190 
The average yields of the above crops in the community are: Corn, 60 bushels; wheat, 32 bushels; oats, 
40 bushels; and hay, If tons per acre. Hence, on the average, the areas required to produce the above 
quantities of the products mentioned are— 
2,000-=-60= 33.3 acres of corn, 
l,200-=-32=37.5 acres of wheat, 
900--40= 22.5 acres of oats, and 
120-5-1^=68.6 acres of hay. 
Total= 161.9 
Thus, it requires 190 acres on the farm in question to produce what 161.9 acres produces on the average. 
Hence, 1 acre produces on this farm 161.9-T-190, or 85.3 per cent as much as the average acre of the com- 
munity. 
The live-stock index is the percentage comparison of the receipts per animal unit on farms weighted 
by their receipts, using as the basis the average receipts of all farms in the area expressed as 100. 
