ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FARMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 27 
the farm income with practically no expense for extra hired labor 
in picking. Some farms in this area have soil adapted to the growing 
of onions, much of which is not being utilized, except for general 
farm crops. If some of this land were devoted to the onion crop 
the farm receipts would be considerably increased, and in most 
cases all of the extra labor required could be done by the family. 
Table XII shows that it is more important to increase the quality 
of the live stock than to increase the crop yields. However, one must 
not lose sight of the fact that it is very important to maintain crop 
yields. 
FARM FEEDS AND THE SILO. 
The use of silos is becoming quite general, there being 113 on the 
349 farms studied when this survey was made. Eighty of these 
silos were on dairy farms. Thus over one-half of the dairy farmers 
were using silos. During the farm year 11 new silos were built. 
The average yield of corn for silage was 7J tons per acre, and on 
several farms the yield was over 10 tons. 
It was possible to obtain accurate figures of the pounds of butter 
fat per cow on 56 dairy farms that had silos and on 67 farms that 
had none. Table XIV shows the average investment per farm, 
average crop acres per man, total feed units required per animal 
unit, the average number of cows per farm, the sales of butter fat 
per cow, and the labor income on 56 dairy farms having silos and on 
67 dairy farms without silos. 
Table XIV. — Average investment per farm, average crop acres per man, average feed units 1 
required per animal unit, average number of cows per farm, the sales of butter fat per 
coic } and the labor income on 56 dairy farms having silos and 67 dairy farms without silos, 
Grove City, Pa., area. 
Average 
investment 
per farm. 
Average 
crop acres 
per man. 
Average 
feed units 
per animal 
unit. 
Average 
number of 
cows per 
farm. 
Average 
pounds of 
butter fat 
sold per 
cow. 
Average 
labor 
income. 
56 farms with silos 
67 farms without silos . 
S9, 013 
6,610 
37 
32 
3,481 
3,336 
9 
6 
151.5 
132. 8 
$346 
187 
i A " feed unit ' ' represents the feed value of a pound of corn or its equivalent. 
1 bushel corn= 56 feed units. 1 ton bought f eed= 2,000 feed units. 
1 bushel wheat=60 feed units. 1 ton fodder (stover)=500 feed units. 
1 bushel oats=29.1 feed units. 1 ton silage=333 feed units. 
1 bushel rye=56 feed units. 1 ton hay=800 feed units. 
Feed units commuted according to table in Wisconsin Circular No. 37, June, 1912. 
Farmers having silos on their farms fed a little more heavily than 
those without silos, but they also got a considerably higher butter- 
fat production per cow. Upon comparing the proportion of con- 
centrates in the feeds consumed on the two groups of farms, it is 
found that 38 per cent of the total feed units on the farms having 
silos were concentrates, while on the other farms concentrates 
