OKGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FARMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 31 
ing into this area has been an advantage in this connection is shown 
by a comparison of the relative profits received on the farms operated 
under each of these types. Taking the farms of 70 acres or under in 
size, there were 38 on which over 50 per cent of the receipts were from 
work off the farm, the average labor income received being $192, 
while the average for those following the general type of farming was 
$210, and for those following the dairy type $246. The farmers fol- 
lowing the dairy type had on the average more capital invested than 
was necessary in following either of the other types, but the addi- 
tional income received, together with the added advantage of having 
steady employment throughout the year at home, and in the main 
being emancipated from the directing authority of others, makes this 
type the more attractive. 
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Fig. 9.— Hauling coal from mine. One of the principal sources of outside receipts. 
TENURE. 
Records were obtained from 10 farm owners who rented out a part 
of their crop acreage. For the most part these men were consider- 
ably older than the average, thus making it necessary for them to get 
rid of a part of the responsibility of operating the entire farm, yet 
they continued to live on the farm. The average farm area was 117 
acres, with 40 acres in crops, 10 acres of which was rented out. Their 
total capital was $7,330, average receipts $1,019, expenses $642, farm 
income $377, interest on capital $366, and labor income $11. 
Sixteen farms in the area were operated by tenants. Three of 
these were dairy and 13 were general farms. The operators paid 
cash rent. After the landlord's farm expenses, consisting of build- 
ing depreciation and repair, upkeep of fences, insurance, and taxes, 
were deducted from the rent received, the landlords received 2.6 per 
cent on their investment. 
Fifty-four farmers in the area increased the size of their business 
by renting additional land from companies owning land for coal 
