28 
BULLETIN 997, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 
Fitting ground other than 'plowing .—The tractors did the greater 
part of the work of disking, harrowing, and rolling, but on the average 
the amount of horse labor used for these operations was nearly 
twice as great as that used for plowing. Twice as much horse labor 
was used for disking in Livingston County, 111., as in any other area, 
which was due mainly to soil conditions in that area. It had been 
found on some of the farms that the use of the tractor on plowed 
ground packed the soil seriously, and on such farms the horses did 
practically all the disking of plowed ground during the year covered 
by the investigation. 
Seeding grain. — The table shows that small grain was drilled almost 
exclusively in the Ohio areas and in Madison County, Ind., but that 
endgate seeders were in common used in other areas. A few farmers 
in each of the first three areas used endgate seeders for sowing their 
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Fig. 8. — One man and three horses on a two-row cultivator accomplish nearly twice 
one man and two horses on a one-row machine. 
much work as 
oats, but the common practice was to use the drill for both oats and 
wheat. In the three latter areas practically all the oats was sown 
with endgate seeders. The use of the endgate seeder reduces both 
horse-labor and man-labor requirements for this operation, the aver- 
age daily duty of one horse with the endgate seeder being 20 acres 
and with the drill only 4 acres. 
Planting corn.— -Corn planting was done entirely with horses on 
every farm and the 2-row, 2-horse machine was used exclusively. 
The differences in the average requirements per farm for this operation 
are due largely to the differences in the acreage devoted to this crop 
in the different areas (see Table 2) . 
Cultivating corn. — Two men cultivated all their corn with their 
tractors, and 14 others used their machines for part of this work. 
The table shows that on the average more horse labor was used in corn 
