NURSERY PRACTICE ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 37 
it in others. Without shade, seedlings may thrive on the richer, 
more retentive soil of a nursery but make poor growth on less 
fertile soil. Because the period of their initial growth falls in the 
early spring, when the weather is not extremely hot, seedlings from 
fall-sown seed are not so likely to need shade as those from spring- 
sown seed. 
At the Savenac Nursery, in western Montana, western yellow pine 
is grown without shade, but the eastern and western white pines, 
Engelmann spruce, western red cedar, and western larch need par- 
tial shade during hot weather. 
At the Boulder Nursery, in southwestern Montana, western yellow 
pine is grown without shade, but Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce 
require it during the first year. 
At the Bessey Nursery, in the Nebraska sandhill region, all conif- 
erous species are shaded during the first year. 
At the Monument Nursery, in central Colorado, one and two year 
old Engelmann spruce and Douglas fir are given shade. 
At the Fort Bayard Nursery, in southern New Mexico, shade 
is unnecessary with western yellow and Jeffrey pines, and Juniperus 
monosperma. Shade is given Juniperus scopulorum and Cupressus 
arizonica, but it is not known to be needed. 
At the Cottonwood Nursery, in north-central Utah, western yel- 
low, Scotch, and Austrian pines need no shade; Douglas fir can some- 
times be grown without it, but usually Douglas fir, the larches, and 
Engelmann spruce require it for their best development. 
At the Pocatello Nursery, in southeastern Idaho, western yellow 
pine does not need shade, but Douglas fir does. 
At the Wind River Nursery, in southern Washington, all one-year 
seedlings from spring-sown seed are shaded, but Douglas fir and 
western yellow pine from fall-sown seed thrive satisfactorily with- 
out it. 
At the Pilgrim Creek Nursery, in northern California, western 
yellow pine is grown without shade. All other species, including 
Jeffrey and sugar pines, incense cedar, and white fir are shaded, but 
it is not known that all need it. 
At, the Converse Flats Nursery, in southern California, all species 
grown, including western yellow and Jeffrey pines and incense and 
deodar cedars, are shaded during their first year. 
Shade frames. — There are two general types of shade frames used 
in nursery operations, the high and the low. The most common form 
of the latter is the lath frame previously described. When in place 
this frame rests about a foot above the level of the beds and can easily 
be handled by one man. 
A form of low frame used at the Bessey Nursery is about 22 inches 
high (PL VII). Stakes made of 2 by 4's are driven in the paths 
