36 BULLETIN 479, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
phloea seed, which, like other junipers, ordinarily lies over for a year 
if sown in the spring without being previously treated. 
At the Fort Bayard Nursey fair germination is secured with the 
seed of Jimiperus monosperma by removing the hull and then im- 
mersing the seed in boiling water for 5 seconds. At the old Garden 
City Nursery good germination was secured with Juniperus virgin- 
iana by removing the hulls, soaking the seed in warm water for from 
2 to 4 hours, and sowing in the fall. 
CARE OF SEEDLINGS THE FIRST YEAR. 
The care of the stock from the time of germination until the 
plants are ready for field planting has much to do with the mor- 
tality, the development of tops and roots, and the final success of 
the field planting. Operations should be directed toward develop- 
ing the type of plant most suitable for field planting and toward 
growing the greatest possible number of these in the allotted space. 
Wide experience in the United States and Europe has fully demon- 
strated that plants with stocky tops, thick stems and compact-growing 
shoots, and compact root systems composed of many lateral but 
not extremely long, fibrous roots, are more likely to succeed in field 
planting, particularly under inhospitable conditions, than plants 
with greatly developed tops and long root systems with few laterals. 
Shading and watering are two of the most important means of pro- 
ducing such plants and of keeping down the percentage of loss in 
the nursery. 
SHADING. 
The effect of shading is to lower the temperature and increase the 
relative humidity of the air below the shade frames, diminish evap- 
oration from the soil and plants, increase the height growth of the 
seedlings, and lessen the amount of watering necessary. It also 
prolongs the growing period of the plants into the autumn longer 
than is always desirable, subjecting them to danger from early 
frosts and sometimes causing the seedlings to reach a size greater 
than that considered best for transplanting. 
The necessity of shading is greatest during the first season of 
the plants' growth. They are then small and tender and may be 
damaged by continuous intense sunlight. Their density results in 
considerable competition for moisture, and the roots are not well 
enough developed at the beginning of the season to secure moisture 
at a considerable depth. 
The necessity and amount of shading varies with the species, soil, 
and region. Some species, such as Norway and Engelmann spruce, 
appear to need considerable shade at all nurseries; others, such as 
Douglas fir, will thrive without shade in some regions but demand 
