NURSERY PRACTICE ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 
63 
there is the possibility of heaving or of winterkilling, but after a 
season's growth in the transplant beds the stock is usually so well 
rooted that there is little danger from the former source. This is 
particularly true in nurseries of sandy soils and in those where the 
snowfall comes early and is abundant and stays until fairly late in 
the spring. If artificial mulches are necessary, the same ones may 
be used as in the seed beds. At the Gallinas, Monument, and Con- 
verse Flats Nurseries mulching of transplant beds over winter is 
necessary. 
At the 'Monument Nursery a light covering of straw held in place 
by oak brush is sufficient for western yellow pine. For Douglas fir 
the space between the trees is filled with leaf mulch, after which a 
layer of lath slatting is rolled over the beds to bend down the long 
shoots. This is covered with a thin coat of leaf mulch, which is 
held in place by oak brush. Engelmann spruce is covered with leaf 
mulch, which is held in place by brush. Heavy winter winds make 
mulching necessary at this nursery. At the Converse Flats Nursery 
mulching is necessary to prevent heaving, because fall transplanting 
is practiced. Pine needles are distributed between the rows to a 
depth of about 3 inches. 
Heights, in inches, of different classes of nursery stock. 
Region and species. 
Class of stock. 
l-Oi 
1-1 
1-2 
2-0 
2-1 v 
2-2 
Rocky Mountain: 
Inches. 
lto2 
ltoH 
lto3 
l|to3 
1 to 1J 
lto3 
Jtof 
i to 5 
2 
§to2 
1 
2 to 4 
l£to2 
2 to 4 
2 to 3 
Inches. 
Inches. 
4 
Inches. 
2to5 
Inches. 
2§to6 
Inches. 
5to6| 
Larix occidentalis 
2 to 5 
5 
Pinus divaricata '. . . . 
15 
5 
2 to 5 
10 
Pinus j effreyi 
Pinus monticola », 
4 
5 to 16 
4 
Q 
Pinus ponderosa 
2 to 4 
2 to 8 
ltolj 
6 to 10 
4 to 10 
2£to3 
9£ 
4 
Pacific Coast: 
Pseudotsuga taxifolia 
4 to 9 
2 to 4 
2 to 6 
Abies nobilis 
6 to 10 
Abies concolor 
6 to 8 
2 to 8 
5 to 6 
2 to 4 
5 
Larix occidentalis 
Pinus i eflf reyi I 
4 to 7 
li to 3 
2 to 8 
6 to 8 
Pinus monticola 
Pinus ponderosa 
6 to 12 
9 
4 to 7 
Libocedrus decurrens 
i The first figure of each pair indicates number of years stock remains in seedbed; second figure, the num- 
ber of years in transplant beds. 
LOSS IN TRANSPLANT BEDS. 
Losses in transplant beds should not exceed from 5 to 10 per cent. 
They are often greater, but they can be reduced to a minimum by 
careful transplanting, the choice of stock of the right age and size 
for transplanting, grading, care in taking up the plants so as not to 
injure the roots, keeping the roots constantly moist, reducing the 
time between lifting and transplanting, little or no root trimming, 
