BREAKAGE OF EGGS IN TRANSIT. 5 
STOWING THE LOAD. 
During the earlier part of the investigation, no suggestions were 
made regarding the manner of loading the cars, but records were 
kept in detail of the routine in each house, and the effect of the vari- 
ous practices on the safety of the eggs. The effect of such prac- 
tices as walking on cases, which materially increased top-layer 
breakage, and of rough handling given the cases as they were placed 
in the car, was evident at destination. The buffing of the cars, if 
any was used, and the manner of bracing were factors that showed 
even more plainly. The results obtained later in the work led the 
investigators to stow the load according to definite methods, and to 
make it as rigid as possible. 
PLACING CASES IN CAR. 
Ww thods are co sed 1 acing cases 1 re Ce 
Two methods are commonly used in placing cases in the car, 
namely, the “sfraight-joint” and “step” or “ broken-joint” loads. 
aaa || 
| 
Fic. 1.—Car loaded from side. Frame to enable cold air from bunkers to enter the car. 
Note crosswise cases at end of the load in alternating layers,:to give “step ”’ effect. 
In the first, a row of cases is set. across the end of the car at the 
bunker, and others are placed on top until the desired height is 
reached; a second row is placed in front of the first, built up to the 
desired height; and so on to the center of the car. The other end of 
the car is then stowed, and any extra space which remains in the 
middle of the car is filled with wooden braces or some other form of 
buffing. The second method, by which the cases are placed like 
bricks in a wall (fig. 1), almost invariably entails walking on the 
cases, which is likely to cause breakage in top layers. It also neces- 
sitates placing a few cases crosswise at the bunker. 
Primarily to avoid walking on the cases when making a step load, 
and incidentally providing many advantageous features, a few ship- 
pers have adopted what is termed the “ side-load ” method of placing 
eaves (fig. 1, and Pl. 1). This consists in placing a row‘ the entire 
leneth of the car against the far side, leaving the excess space at one 
or both bunker ends, as desired. A sufficient number of layers to 
+“ Rows” designate cases placed parallel to the side of the car. ‘Stacks’ indicate 
the cases across the width of the car. ‘‘ Layers”’ express the vertical stacking of cases, 
