RELATION" OF LAND INCOME TO LAND VALUE. 53 
STATISTICAL DIFFICULTIES IN USING CASH RENT AS A MEASURE OF FARM RENT. 
The fact that cash rents reflect farm rents does not mean that all 
cash rents can be averaged indiscriminately to show average farm 
rents. It was previously stated that the average cash rents used 
in making maps were based on the rents paid by white tenants who 
were not related by kinship ties to the landlord, and who had been 
on the farm they were operating one year or less at the time the 
census was taken. The reasons for using the rents paid by this 
restricted group of tenants will now be considered. 
INFLUENCE OF KINSHIP BETWEEN LANDLORD AND TENANT ON CASH RENTS. 
There is no direct information in the census schedule regarding 
the existence of kinship between landlord and tenant, but the names 
of the landlord and tenant are given. If these names were the 
same, it was assumed that the landlord and the tenant were related, 
and if unlike, that they were unrelated. Obviously, such a method 
of determining kinship is subject to considerable error. On the one 
hand, there will be many cases of kinship which will not be included 
by this method. On the other hand, it will include some cases in 
the kinship group where kinship does not exist. The former, how- 
ever, are probably much greater than the latter, for it is not often 
that a landlord and tenant will have the same name unless they are 
related. Exceptions to this may occur in Scandinavian communities, 
where such names as Johnson, Olson, and Peterson occur with great 
frequency.. On the other hand, this method of determining kinship 
will include only those cases where the landlord is the tenant's father, 
mother, or brother. It will not include those in which the landlord 
is the father-in-law of the tenant. This is an important omission, 
for it is the opinion of Dr. C. J. Galpin, based on special studies, 
that there are about a third as many cases where the landlord is a 
father-in-law as where he is a father. All other kinship ties are of 
little or no importance in this connection 
