22 BULLETIN 573, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
must be repeated. The appearance of stomach worms sometimes 
can be prevented to some extent by the use of copperas or turpen- 
tine, which may be fed with salt. Equal weights of copperas and 
salt may be used, or the salt may be saturated with turpentine. 
The small tapeworm‘ is at present the most serious internal 
parasite on the project. This worm is usually found to be 4 or 5 
inches in length, although a few reach a length of 6 inches. Usually 
it produces no bad effect until the sheep are changed from green 
feed to dry feed in the fall. At this time the worms enter the 
sheep’s bile duct and cause death. While the worms are still in the 
intestines the same treatments that are valuable in expelling stomach 
worms are effective in expelling the small tapeworm, but no known 
treatment is effective after the tapeworms enter the bile duct. The 
life history of this parasite is not well understood. So far, the worm 
has been found on the project only in those flocks that have been 
kept on certain summer ranges. 
The large tapeworm ? is not common on the project. Where this 
worm is present it is easily removed from the mature sheep through 
the administration of a dose of 2 drams of extract of male shield- 
fern in half a cup of milk. Lambs are given somewhat smaller doses. 
The treatment is followed two hours later by a dose of castor oil. 
Foot-rot.—Fortunately foot-rot has been extremely rare on the 
project. So far as known, it has not occurred where the yards used 
in winter have been kept dry and clean and where the sheep have 
not been grazed in wet pastures in summer. A remedy which is 
popular in Idaho consists of the application to the affected parts 
every four days of a solution of 1 pound of copper sulphate in 1 
gallon of vinegar. 
Digestive disorders.—The three principal digestive disorders among 
sheep on the project are scours, constipation, and bloat. Sheep fre- 
quently suffer from scours dhe after they are turned on fields to 
clean up beet tops. The difficulty may be prevented if the sheep 
are given some feed in addition to the beet tops. This feed may be 
hay, or it may be provided through giving the sheep access to stubble 
fields in connection with the beet-top pasture. Some farmers over- 
come the difficulty by pasturing the sheep in other fields and hauling 
the beet tops to them. This practice is not common, however, 
because of its labor requirements. The remedy usually’ applied is 
a teaspoonful of ginger in a cup of warm water. In severe cases, the 
remedy is 1 teaspoonful of laudanum administered in milk to mature 
sheep and somewhat smaller doses for lambs. Constipation ordi- 
narily occurs among the older, broken-mouthed sheep in the winter 
in the flocks which are fed hay plone A dose of Epsom salts or castor 
i Tacnia ae * Taenia expansia. 
