GOATS ON FAR WESTERN RANGES. 23 
out with the wet band te graze. In order to identify the doe and its 
offspring, should the doe fail to return te its kid or the kid break 
loose, each doe and her kid should be numbered with a tag or paint 
before the kid is staked. 
Every day the toggles should be changed, the shelters straight- 
ened if need be, the hardened obstructions removed from the hind 
parts, and examinations made for scours, worms, and other troubles. . 
The kids should be left staked for at least eight or ten days. 
When turned loose from the toggles the kids should be removed from 
the staking pens to a large pen where they should remain until 
turned out to graze. 
The pen system.—in the pen system the following procedure is 
now accepted as the best. After removal of the does and their kids 
from the kidding pens they are placed in handling pens suitable for 
hoiding about 50 does and their kids. These handling pens should 
be at least 20 feet square. For a herd of 1,200 does about 6 or 8 
such pens should be provided. With small farm flocks and ample 
pasturage it may prove advantageous to place about 10 or 15 does 
with their kids in each handling pen and leave them together for 
from one to several days before grouping them into pens holding 50 
does. Where pasturage is scarce, the range of low carrying capacity, 
and the herd large it is generally necessary to take the does out to 
graze while their kids remain in the pens. The necessity of cutting 
the does through a chute each evening upon their return from the 
range makes it impracticable to separate them for pens holding only 
10 or 15 does. Very satisfactory results are obtained when 50 dees 
are placed in each handling pen. Not more than this number, how- 
ever, should be placed in a handling pen and ample room should be 
provided. 
At all times the aim should be to group kids of the same age in 
the handling pens. If a difference of more than five days in age is 
allowed in any one handling pen, the older kids may cause consid- 
erable trouble to the does with younger kids. 
When a doe and her kid are first placed in the handling pen care ~ 
should be exercised to see that they are together. They should be 
left together and undisturbed for at least an hour before the doe is 
taken out to graze. Each doe should be marked with paint to show 
the pen in which her kid is left, and she and her kid should be 
marked or numbered so that they can be identified as belonging to 
each other. It is best to do this before removing them from the kid- 
ding pens. | 
When all the handling pens are filled, the does with kids several 
days old may be changed from several of the handling pens to a 
mixing pen. At least 6 or 8 square feet of space should be allowed 
in the mixing pens for each doe and kid. There should be two mix- 
