SAP-STAIN, MOLD, AND DECAY IN GREEN WOOD. 9 
Hedgcock (19) identified the following species of Ceratostoraella 
as responsible for the discolorations produced in certain woods : 
C. pilifera (Fr.) Wint., in the sapwood of several species of pine (Pinus), 
fir (Abies), oak (Quercus), and ash (Fraxinus). 
C. schrenkiana n. sp., in short-leaf pine (Pinus ecliinata Mill.). 
C. ecMnella E. and E., in freshly cut heartwood and sapwood of beech (Fagus 
atropunicea (Marsh) Sudworth). 
C. capillifera n. sp., in wood of red gum (Liquidamber styraciflua L.). 
C. pluriannulata n. sp., in blue sapwood of red oak (Quercus rubra L.). 
C. minor n. sp., in Arizona pine (Pinus arizonica Eng.). 
C. exigua n. sp., in dead and dying trees of scrub pine (Pinus virginiana 
Mill.). 
C. moniliformis n. sp., in red gum (Liquidambar- styraciflua L.). 
Munch (31) split up Ceratostomella pilifera Fries into a series 
of new species, as follows : 
1 Ceratostomella pini, the important blue-stain fungus of pine. 
2. The pilifera group, distinguished by the secondary fruiting bodies : 
(a) C. piceae, with an associated Graphium stage, possibly Graphium 
penicillioides Corda, in species of pine and fir. 
(b) C. cana, with an associated but unclassified Graphium stage. This 
species he also found in pine wood. 
(c) C. coerulea, having no associated Graphium stage. 
With these species of Ceratostomella Munch includes two unrelated 
fungi, Endoconidiophora eoerulescens and Cladospormm sp., as 
causing discolorations in coniferous timber. 6 
Von Schrenk (41), in his studies of the " blue wood" in dead and 
dying stands of the western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), 
found that the spores of Ceratostomella blown about by wind or 
carried by insects are often deposited in the exposed ends left by the 
breaking of branches or in the holes made by the bark and wood 
boring beetles. There, un(Jer the favorable conditions which usually 
prevail, they germinate and readily produce in a short time many 
colorless, branching hyphse. The hyphae grow into the bark tissues, 
then into the cambium, and from there into the medullary rays. 
With age the hyphse take on a brown hue. 
According to Von Schrenk (41. pp. 18, 19), " one of the first effects 
seen after the hyphse have entered the medullary ray cells is the grad- 
ual solution of the walls separating the medullary ray cells from one 
another (fig. 2, i, £, 3). The walls which separate the ray cells 
from the neighboring wood cells may become very thin, as shown in 
the middle ray (fig. 2, 1) , but they are rarely dissolved entirely. The 
intermediate walls, on the other hand, entirely disappear. This 
6 In a recent publication, C. J. Humphrey (23) describes a fungus, Lasiosphaeriu 
pezizula (B. and C.) Sacc, as the cause of a blue-black stain in certain hardwoods, par- 
ticularly beech and red gum. More detailed information concerning this fungus, as well 
as certain species of Ceratostomella, is given by E. E. Hubert (21). 
75579°— 22 2 
