I 
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER 5 
In Japan the occurrence of the species is mentioned by Meyrick 
(45, p. Jfl6) and by Takahashi (&£). During 1922 adults were sub- 
mitted to the Bureau of Entomology from Yokohama, Japan. 
Briggs (8, p. 39-40) recorded severe damage by the European corn 
borer to corn in the island of Guam during the period from 1917 to 
1919. Specimens from Guam were submitted to the Bureau of 
Entomology during 1918 and identified as P. nubilalis. A species 
reared from corn at Manila, P. L, was described as Pyrausta vasta- 
trix by Schultze (56, p. 35) in 1908. This name is now believed to 
be a synonym of P. nubilalis. 
Additional distribution records of the species in Germany and 
Austria were secured by K. W. Babcock during the summer of 1924. 
He collected specimens of the eggs, larvae, and pupae in the vicinity 
of Berlin and examined specimens in the museum at Berlin that 
were collected near Danzig and at other points throughout northern 
Germany. Records were also obtained of the presence of the species 
near Hamburg and in Wurtemburg. In southeastern Austria Mr. 
Babcock observed P. nubilalis in the regions of Gratz, Bruck, 
Kapfenberg, Boden, and Aflenz, and he received reports showing 
that the species was present at Klagenfurt, and at Marburg in 
Yugoslavia. In correspondence W. R. Thompson states that accord- 
ing to a report received by him from Doctor Isaakides, of the Greek 
phytopathological service, the species frequently causes important 
damage in the Provinces of Trikkala, Karditza, and Karpenissi in 
Greece. 
By reviewing the foregoing, it will be noted that P. nubilalis has 
a wide geographic range in the Northern Hemisphere extending 
from approximately latitude 58° north (Livonia) to 13° north 
(Guam and the Philippines). Its climatic range embraces a very 
wide contrast of meteorogical conditions varying from the dry 
steppes of southeastern Russia (Tsaritsyn), where the annual mean 
temperature averages 44.6° F. and the precipitation 13.11 inches 
annually, to the warm equable temperatures of Guam, with an aver- 
age annual mean of 81.7° F. and a mean precipitation of 97.27 inches 
annually. The species is also present in certain irrigated areas, 
notably in Egypt, Trans-Caucasia, and southern France, where the 
temperature is relatively high, but where the rainfall in some cases 
is not sufficient to mature ordinary crops without irrigation. Riazan 
in Russia, with an annual mean of 40.3° F., and Guam with an 
annual mean of 81.7° F., represent approximately the lowest and 
highest temperature limits within which the insect is known to exist. 
Judging from this facile adaptability to a wide range of climatic 
conditions exhibited by the species, it appears reasonable to assume 
that there would be no climatic barrier to prevent P. nubilalis from 
becoming established over the greater part of the arable regions of 
the United States wherever its host plants can be grown. In this 
contingency the economic status of the species undoubtedly would 
vary in certain areas representing widely different climatic and 
cultural conditions comparable to the apparent variation in its status 
within the different areas of its occurrence abroad. 
