PROGRESS REPORT ON THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER 7 
due to corn-borer damage as equivalent to from $8,000,000 to $10,- 
000,000, estimating the value of the corn at war prices. That author 
estimated the loss in different fields of the Bacska region as ranging 
from 5 to 60 per cent of the grain during 1916. Bako (4) estimated 
that 50 per cent of the corn in the Bacska region was destroyed in 
1917. In correspondence dated Xovember 16, 1921, Joblonowski 
stated that the damage in Hungary from P. nubilalis had reached 
its culmination in 1919 and was now diminishing. He considers the 
loss to be unimportant during 1921. 
During 1921 Mr. Babcock conducted observations in the principal 
corn-growing areas of Hungary, and his reports show that the 
corn borer caused serious damage to corn in restricted areas of 
the Great Plain of Hungary during that season, although it was 
not considered to be a favorable year for the insect. According 
to Mr. Babcock, appreciable damage occurred throughout the south- 
ern and central parts of the country, but that part of southern 
Hungary lying between Bekes and Novi Sad (including the con- 
tiguous areas of Rumania and Yugoslavia) was practically the 
only region observed, or reported, during 1924, where the corn borer 
caused serious interference with the growth of corn. Detailed 
studies of the actual losses caused by the corn borer in the corn- 
fields of this region showed an average estimated loss of 23.9 per 
cent in 38 fields in the vicinity of Mezohegyes, 18.9 per cent loss 
in 12 fields near Novi Sad, 18.4 per cent loss in 19 fields at Bankut, 
and losses ranging from 14.2 to 5.5 per cent in other dis- 
tricts of this region. A combination of fungus and borer injury 
was rather widespread in, this region during 1924, and in the major- 
ity of instances' where the grain had been injured by the borer 
the fungus developed and rendered the injury more serious. In 
seven fields of broomcorn examined near Mezohegyes and Bankut, 
Mr. Babcock found that the stalk infestation ranged from 7.4 to 
54.8 per cent, with a general average of 24.5 per cent and an average 
of 34.3 borers per 100 plants. An examination of five fields of 
hemp near Mezohegyes showed an average stalk infestation of 
14.5 per cent and an average of 17.4 borers per 100 plants. An 
examination of a 35-acre millet field at Mezohegyes showed that 
8.1 per cent of the plants were infested. In a 2-acre field of feterita 
at Bankut 3 per cent of the plants were, infested. 
Koppen (35) in 1880 first summarized the statements of various 
authors regarding P. nubilalis as a pest in Russia. He reported that 
the insect, though rather scarce, was well dispersed in that country. 
This same author refers to Wiclhalm, who reported that in 1879 
the cornfields in the district of Odessa looked as though trampled 
by cattle and that millet was also injured in that district. Koppen 
also referred to Linderman, who mentioned severe damage to hemp 
in the government of Tula, and to Cancrin, who recorded severe 
injury to millet in the government of Jekaterinoslav. Kurjumov 
(37) in 1913 enumerated the damaged .plants from Poltava as 
maize, millet, hemp, and hops. During the period from 1913 to 
1920 there were many reports by Russian entomologists relative to 
the injury caused by P. nubilalis in Russia. Particular reference 
was made of serious damage to corn in Bessarabia during 1914 and 
1915. Other reports from various localities in southern Russia 
mentioned injury (presumably to corn) varying from 20 to 90 
