8 BULLETIN 1476, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
per cent. Vassiliev (69) stated that in Kiev during 1914 Indian 
corn was injured more than millet and that the damage was con- 
fined chiefly to the stalk. According to this authority the insect 
was very injurious to corn in Jekaterinoslav during 1914, the grain 
being totally destroyed in some localities. Averin (S) recorded 
serious injury to maize in Charkov during 1915 and mentioned 
that in some cases 90 per cent of the stalks were infested. Uvarov 
(68) reports great damage to maize during 1916 and 1917 in Tiflis 
and Erivan. In correspondence dated December 20, 1921, D. N. 
Borodin asserted that according to his personal observation P. 
nubilalis is widely distributed in Russia, but is not a serious pest 
of corn, although it is injurious to millet, hemp, and hops. Dobro- 
deiv (Ik) records that it is found " as an injurious insect " in the 
following Provinces of European Russia : Minsk, Volhynia, Podolia, 
Kiev, Cher son, Poltava, Chernigov, Ekaterinoslov, Charkov, Kursk, 
Orel, Kaluga, Tula, Riazan, Tambov, Simbirsk, Voronej, Saratov, 
Don, and Kuban, and in Turkestan. Millet, maize, cotton, hemp, 
hops, and sunflowers are mentioned by this author as the principal 
economic crops attacked in Russia, but he does not give specific 
instances of damage except in the fields of the Voronej Agricul- 
tural Institute, where the infestation in different varieties of millet 
ranged from 14 to 63 per cent of the stems. Incidentally he men-, 
tions that the varieties of millet possessing a close growing habit 
were more susceptible, under Russian conditions, than varieties pos- 
sessing " a branching widespread " habit. 
In France the insect was first recorded as a pest by Duponchel (15, 
p. 121, CGXVII, 4), 1831, who mentioned it as being injurious to 
hops. Several French writers subsequently recorded P. nubilalis as 
a pest of maize, hops, and hemp, but no details concerning the extent 
of the injury are given. Robin and Laboulbene (52) reported dam- 
age to maize in the Department of the Aisne during a period of 
several years prior to and including 1879. No definite estimates of 
damage are given. The same authors mention that hemp was seri- 
ously injured in the Department of Lot-et-Garonne in 1878. P. 
Chretien (in correspondence dated May 20, 1919) mentions severe 
damage to corn in the Department of Aveyron during 1889. He 
records one cornfield of this district where nearly all of the stalks 
were infested and 75 per cent of the stalks bore atrophied ears. 
Schonfeld mentioned P. nubilalis as being very injurious to hops in 
Alsace during 1893. Vuillet (12, p. 105) reported in 1913 that the 
insect was injurious in the southwestern part of France and was the 
principal enemy of corn, yet the damage caused by it was small and 
often passed unnoticed. During this same year Marchal (Jf3) re- 
ported that maize was seriously injured in the Department of Gers. 
In 1917 it was stated by Noel that maize and hemp were attacked, but 
the locality and degree of injury were not indicated. Chretien (in 
correspondence) reported severe damage to corn in the Department 
of Basses-Pyrenees during 1918, and that 20 per cent of the stalks 
were broken over in some of the cornfields. Rives (ol) observed 
severe damage to maize near Toulouse during 1919 and mentioned 
one field of maize in which 60 per cent of the " roots " were infested. 
The first statement regarding damage by P. nubilalis in Italy ap- 
pears to be that of Targioni-Tozzetti (65, p. 28) in 1884, who men- 
tioned that hemp was attacked by the insect. In 1911 Silvestri (19, 
