20 BULLETIN 1270, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
stocks of this variety from the Netherlands and those from Belling- 
ham, Wash., when grown on soils adapted to it. 
While it is not understood what causes such behavior, there seem 
to be several contributing factors. Heat and drought during the 
dormant period are possibly the most potent contributing factors. 
and proper fertility and soil conditions, especially with reference to 
drainage and porosity, are also important. There seem to be indica- 
tions that greater perfection is attained at higher altitudes. It is 
said that the variety requires heavy soil, but the Whatcom silts under- 
lain by an impervious clay at a depth of 15 to 16 inches are not suited 
to it. " A few indications have been seen which point to the suitability 
of the fine, fertile, porous river-bank sandy silts of the Pacific North- 
west. 
Besides Double Van Sion, some of the Double Incomparabilis and 
occasionally even the Double Campernelle (PL V, fig. 1) are of- 
fenders in this respect. At times Sulphur Phoenix gets quite green 
and some of the other varieties as well. 
After flowers of Double Van Sion have turned green in the eastern 
United States it takes about three years to bring them back to the 
perfection of normal stocks in the Bellingham region. 
It is very evident that a great deal can be accomplished by selec- 
tion in the maintenance of color, as well as perfection of trumpet. 
Both the perfect and half-split trumpets have merit. The charac- 
ters, however, have not persisted under our methods and soil condi- 
tions, and one does not feel certain of his ground in making selections 
and trying to maintain them. 
PAPERWHITE GRANDIFLORA 
The most important item here and in some respects the most 
important single variety in the entire group is Paperwhite Grandi- 
flora. It has been successfully produced on the coast of California, 
in southern Georgia, and in northern Florida, There are other sec- 
tions where it can be grown. 
In the culture of this variety about the same methods of handling 
are employed in California as in southern France. The bulbs are 
set rather closely in rows about 15 inches apart. They are carefully 
sized into progenies which will reach maturity in one or two years. 
Most of the American culture thus far has been for dual purposes, 
bulbs and cut flowers, and often the bulbs are left for three years 
undug when there is little or no merchantable stock. 
Clean culture is practiced for the most part, and the cultivation is 
done mainly with a wheel hoe. The digging is usually done with a 
spading fork, or at limes the bulbs arc plowed out and then picked 
up from the furrow slice. The handling of this variety need not be 
essentially differenl from that of the daffodils in general except that 
annual digging usually obtains in commercial bulb production. Bike 
bulb crops generally, this requires heavy fertility. Lack of apprecia- 
tion of this fact has been the cause of more failures in the produc- 
tion of these bulbs than any other one factor. 
A great dc;d of complaint has appeared, most of it deservedly. 
regarding stocks of Paperwhite Grandiflora which have found their 
way to the market from those grown in this country in recent years. 
The failure of such bulbs has been taken in some quarters as proof 
pf the unsuitability of American conditions to the production of 
