32 BULLETIN L201, l\ S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
dog fleas, house flies, mosquitoes, Orthezia irmgrds, red spiders, and 
roach 
As earlj as L879 and 1880 Riley's (71, p. 17 4- ISO) assistants used 
infusions, decoctions, and alcoholic extracts of pyrethrum against 
the cotton caterpillars and a few other insects. They report little 
or sometimes uo success with the extracts thus obtained. Cory {19), 
after making several tests with a commercial alcoholic extract, pre- 
pared in the form of a heavy liquid soap, reports that it is a promis- 
ing insecticide against aphids, but Hamilton (37) used some of it 
against the boxwood leaf midge and had no success. Juillet, Cala- 
vielle, and Ancelin (46) extracted pyrethrum with ether, alcohol, and 
carbon tetrachlorid, and then incorporated these extracts into soap 
solution. They believe that these soapy extracts are superior to all 
other insecticides used in viticulture against Cochylis and Eudemis. 
The writers' results are given on pages 6, 10 to 21. 
Chrysanthemum coccineum Willd. Synonyms: C. roseum Adam, Pyrethrum 
carneum Bieb. Persian insect flowers. Persia to Caucasus Mountains. 
Von Mueller {91, p. 121) claims that this species yields the 
Persian insect powder, and this is one of the three species, recognized 
by the Insecticide and Fungicide Board of the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture (57, p. i), from which genuine insect 
powder is made. 
Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Crown daisy. Mediterranean region, 
Kalbruner (47) says that the flowers of this were entirely in- 
active against flies. 
Chrysanthemum corymbosum L. Synonym: Pyrethrum corymbosum Scop. 
Europe, Asia, Africa. 
Kalbruner (4-7) says that the flowers were feebly benumbing to 
flies. 
Bohmer (12) states that a powder made from the opened and 
unopened flower heads, dried in the sun, was slightly less active than 
insect powder against ants and flies. 
Passerini (66) did not find the opened flower heads of much value 
against flies, the dog flea, and ants. 
Chrysanthemum frutescens L. Marguerite. Canary Islands, cultivated in 
gardens. 
Landerer {■">.!) claims that the flowers of this can ordinarily be 
substituted for genuine insect powder. 
Chrysanthemum indicum L. Mother chrysanthemum. China and Japan. 
sserini (66) found the open and closed flower heads and the 
Leaves of this species entirely inactive against the insects tested. 
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Synonym: Leucanthemum vulgare Lain. 
Oxeye daisy. Europe and Asia, naturalized in eastern United States. 
Kalbruner (47) found the flowers entirely inactive against flies. 
Riley (71, p. 180) found the powder, water extract, and alcoholic 
extract from the flower heads had no effect on cotton caterpillars. 
Cook. Hutchison, and Scales (17, p. 21) found that this species 
bad do effect on fly larvae. 
The writers' results are given on page 22. 
