NORWAY PINE IN THE LAKE STATES. 31 
ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION. 
Where natural reproduction fails, or where the land has been 
denuded, sowing and planting is the only way to secure a new timber 
crop. The greatest drawback to the use of Norway pine for artificial 
reforestation is the scarcity and high cost of the seed and the slightly 
lower stumpage price as compared with white pine. Norway pine, 
however, has advantages which white pine does not possess. It will 
grow better on sandy soil; it is hardier and less subject to natural 
injuries; it prunes itself earlier, and on poor soils produces more 
wood. Scotch pine is often recommended in preference to Norway, 
because the seed is cheaper and the plants are fully as hardy. 
Opinion among foresters concerning the relative merits of Scotch 
and Norway pine for planting in the Lake States is somewhat divided. 
Up to the present the consensus of opinion has usually been in favor 
of Scotch pine, especially in southern Minnesota, on account of its 
alleged greater hardiness. If planted on a large scale for forest pur- 
poses, however, Norway pine has given good results. The fact that 
it is a native species gives a greater assurance of safety than would 
the planting of Scotch pine, of which there are as yet no mature for- 
ests in this country. 
Sowing of Norway pine on the whole has not been successful in the 
past, and planting has been found the better method. Measurements 
of Norway pine in New England show the average growth to be 
greater than that of white pine. On sand, containing varying pro- 
portions of loam, 40,758 white pine, 30 years old, averaged 26.6 feet 
in height and 3.7 inches in diameter, while 40,538 Norway pine of the 
same age averaged 35.4 feet in height and 5.9 inches in diameter. 
On richer soil, 1,758 white pine, 27 years old, averaged 43.5 feet in 
height and 5.18 inches in diameter, while 19 Norway pine were on 
the average 48 feet high and 6.6 inches in diameter. 1 
Although the seed usually begins to fall after the first week in 
October, it should be collected in late August, September, or early 
October. The date when it matures varies, of course, with the 
weather conditions from year to year. The cost of collecting it has 
been from $2 to $3.06 a pound and higher. Regular seed dealers ask 
from $4 to $12 a pound for small lots. According to the Forest 
Service, a bushel of cones will average 1 pound of seed. A pound con- 
tains from 55,000 to 70,000 individual seeds, with an average germina- 
tion per cent of 89. In the Georgian Bay region, forty-fifth parallel 
of latitude, Norway pine seed was found by Zavitz to average only 
0.26 of a pound to the bushel and 52,000 seed to the pound. After 
cleaning, germination tests in the greenhouse gave 94 per cent. 
A great deal of original work has been done in the collection and 
extraction of Norway pine seed by Kennety at the Cloquet Experi- 
1 Measurements made by II. B. Kempton. 
