NORWAY PINE IN THE LAKE STATES. 25 
limits of its range and on the richer soils occupied by hardwoods. 
This fact, when taken in connection with its immunity from the 
white-pine weevil and freedom from other forms of insect or fungous 
attacks, should give Norway pine an important place in future 
forest management. 
There is a tendency to use Scotch pine on soils suitable for Norway 
pine. The height growth of the Scotch pine exceeds that of the 
Norway for a few years, but the future development of the former 
species as a timber tree in America can not be predicted. Much 
Scotch pine seed is collected from stunted trees which can not pro- 
duce sizes of commercial value. In Norway pine, on the other hand, 
the forester has a tree whose growth and development is absolutely 
certain, and therefore should be depended upon in large commercial 
plantations on poor soils. 
MANAGEMENT. 
RESULTS UNDER THE MORRIS ACT. 
The only systematic attempt at management of Norway pine on 
a considerable scale has been made on the Minnesota National Forest, 
under the Morris Act of June 27, 1902. This act as passed provided 
that 5 per cent of the total volume of standing timber be left in seed 
trees. In 1908 an amendment to the bill doubled this percentage. 
When 5 per cent of the volume was left, there were from 0.2 to 1.5 
seed trees per average acre, or about 0.6 seed trees per acre for the 
area as a whole. Cutting was begun in 1904, but the areas were 
burned over the same year, so the results from cutting 95 per cent of 
a Norway pine stand can not be predicted with certainty. Young 
growth has come in well on two areas where light fire, which cleared 
out the underbrush, was followed by a good seed. crop. Owing to 
the rather open stand, averaging about 6,000 board feet per acre, 
considerable ground cover existed before the logging. Taken as a 
whole, the natural reproduction is not a success, because not enough 
seed fell immediately after logging, when the bared soil was in the 
best condition to receive it. What young growth there is has sprung 
up as the result of the chance combination of a good seed year with 
a suitable condition of the soil. Where conditions have been favor- 
able, however, the results are unexpectedly good. 
Before condemning the Morris Act because better results have not 
been obtained, one must bear in mind that as a forerunner of forest 
management in Minnesota it was necessarily a compromise between 
the clear cutting of the old-time lumberman and the ideal conserva- 
tive fellings of the forester. 
ROTATION. 
The time at which Norway pine should be cut must be determined 
in each individual case. To grow sawtimber from 20 to 24 inches in 
