NORWAY PINE IN THE LAKE STATES. 11 
PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT. 
Since Norway pine is not durable in contact with the ground and 
when exposed to moisture, timber so placed must be treated with 
some preservative. The details of various methods of preservation 
are discussed in Forest Service Bulletins 78, 84, and 118; Circulars 
80, 98, 101, 104, 111, 112, 117, 128, 132, 134, 136, 139, and 151; and 
Department Bulletin 13. 
FOREST TYPES. 
Only on moderately poor soils, usually a sand, does Norway pine 
grow pure. On the richer soils and on well-watered sandy flats it is 
found in mixture with hardwoods and white pine, and on the driest 
sands with jack pine. In Ontario the densest stands of Norway pine 
are found on pure-sand plains. Four chief types may be distin- 
guished: (1) Norway pine knoll; (2) Norway pine flat; x (3) hard- 
wood ridges; and (4) jack-pine plains. 
NORWAY PINE KNOLL. 
The pure sand of the knolls favors Norway pine, which is the chief, 
or perhaps the only, tree on such situations. The soil cover is a scat- 
tering of wintergreen, blueberry, and "ground pine," with a thin mat 
of needles. 
NORWAY PINE FLAT. 
On the sandy flats Norway pine may occasionally grow pure, but 
where clay is present in the soil white pine forms from 40 to 60 per 
cent of the stand, with a much denser ground cover. Clumps of birch 
may occupy the openings. On low, poorly drained ground there is 
usually a scattering of white spruce and occasionally a tamarack. 
The moist soil insures dense undergrowth. 
HARDWOOD RD3GES. 
On the glacial ridges, where a drift of clay covers the subsoil, the 
forest is chiefly broad leaved. Aspen, sugar maple, hornbeam, paper 
birch, yellow birch, basswood, black ash, white ash, mountain maple, 
with a scattering of white spruce, white pine, and Norway pine, form 
the stand. Often there is a pure growth of aspen, with a few paper 
birch, white spruce, and maple. Again, paper birch is pure with a 
few aspens, hornbeams, or spruces. In certain localities there is 
ample evidence that much of this hardwood land bore white pine of 
enormous size. Fire and windfall probably caused the change in the 
type. Often a few overmature white and Norway pines rise out of 
the dense understory of hardwoods. Some of the largest Norway 
pines are found scattered through hardwood forests. They have 
broad, bushy crowns, with a comparatively short, very full, well- 
pruned bole. 
1 On the richer soils this type would be locally termed white pine flat. 
