BULLETIN OF THE 
No. 139 
Contribution from the Forest Service, Henry S. Graves, Forester. 
December 4, 1914. 
(PROFESSIONAL PAPER.) 
NORWAY PINE IN THE LAKE STATES 
By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., Assistant District Forester, District 8, and IIkrman 
H. Chapman, Professor, Yale Forest School. 
CONTENTS. 
Page. 
Importance m forest management . 
Botanical and commercial range. . 
Climate, topography, and soil 
Gross botanical characteristics 
Habit and root system 
Size and longevity 
Tolerance.. 
Reproduction 
Susceptibility to injury 
The wood 
Page. 
Forest types 
Competition with other species 
Supply and cut 
Grades 
Prices 
Markets 
Uses 
Growth and yield 
Management 
Appendix 
IMPORTANCE OF NORWAY PINE IN FOREST MANAGEMENT. 
Norway pine, or red pine as it is sometimes called, is a tree whose 
importance is certain to increase. Even now it is important com- 
mercially. From the standpoint of forest management, however, its 
special value lies in the fact that it makes better growth on poor soils 
than does its associate, white pine; it prunes itself of branches earlier, 
is more hardy, is freer from injury by insects or fungi, and ranges over 
as wide a territory. Looking into the future, therefore, when the 
depletion of the present stand will make it necessary to rely upon trees 
that can produce merchantable timber on poor, sandy soils unsuited for 
agriculture, Norway pine, as its good qualities become better known, 
will be one of the few important trees of the Northeastern and Lake 
States, especially for reforestation. In past reforestation work it has 
often been discriminated against in favor of Scotch pine, the seed of 
' The discussion of "Growth and Yield" and the "Appendix" are the work of Prof. Chapman. 
In the main this bulletin presents the results of field work conducted under the supervision of the authors, 
and data collected by them through correspondence. Forest Service file data were also drawn upon r 
as were several unpublished reports, among them one by Mr. E. M. Griffith, State forester of Wisconsin. 
The manuscript was read by Mr. William T. Cox, State forester of Minnesota, and by Forest Supervisors 
C E. Marshall and W. B. Piper. 
Note. — The manuscript describes the life history of the Norway pine, its requirement upon soil, mois- 
ture, and climate, its rate of growth and yield, and the best methods for its management. 
As this tree is already commercially important, and this importance is certain to increase, the informa- 
tion presented is valuable for foresters, lumbermen, and forest owners, especially as, when the present 
stand of timber has been depleted and dependence must rest on trees which will produce merchantable 
timber on poor sandy soils unsuited for agriculture, the Norway pine will be found to be one of the few 
important trees of the Northwestern and Lake States. 
55040°— Bull. 139—14 1 
