EXCAVATING MACHINERY USED IN LAND DRAINAGE. AT 
60,000 cubic yards a month with double shift; with steady running 
it will greatly exceed this amount. Its operation requires 4 men— 
1 runner, 1 craneman, 1 engineman, and 1 oiler. The runner handles 
the hoisting and backing lines, the craneman the swinging and dump- 
ing lines. The amount of fuel required per shift is 75 gallons of 
kerosene and 1 gallon of gasoline. About 5 gallons of cylinder oil 
are used per 24 hours, or two shifts. The ditch for which this ma- 
chine is best adapted is one with a 14-foot base, 1 to 1 side slopes, 
and 7 to 8 feet deep. 
From a motion study made of the time of operation of this ma- 
chine the average time for 50 dips was obtained. To fill the bucket 
required 10 seconds; hoisting, swinging, and dumping, 9 seconds; re- 
turning to the channel to dig, 8 seconds; entire time for one complete 
operation, 27 seconds. Moving ahead a distance of 6 feet required 
about 18 seconds. : 
THE DRY-LAND GRAB-BUCKET EXCAVATOR. 
Dry-land grab-bucket excavators of both the rotary and nonrotat- 
ing types are used to some extent in drainage reclamation. A ma- 
chine of the former type having an orange-peel bucket is illustrated 
in Plate XI, Figure 1. The excavator moves on skids and rollers or is 
mounted on four trucks which move on a track built in sections so 
that it can be taken up and relaid ahead of the machine as the work 
progresses. In the revolving type this shifting of track is done by 
the machine itself. 
The machine illustrated is operating a 24-yard orange-peel bucket 
on levee work. The boom is 90 feet long. The main engines are 12 
by 16 inches and the boiler, vertical in type, 74 inches in diameter. 
The track gauge of the machine is 26 feet from center to center; the 
rotation speed is 2 revolutions per minute. 
A type of dry-land grab-bucket excavator which has been used on 
rice plantations and on marsh lands along the eastern coast for dig- 
ging ditches and building small levees is shown in Plate XI, Figure 2. 
This machine is made in four sizes, with either automatic or bull- 
wheel swing. The general dimensions, weight, and price for each 
size of machine and each type of swing are given in Table 20. 
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