76 
BULLETIN 1266, V. S. DEPAETMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. 
BULL ASSOCIATIONS. 
The breeding association work began with the formation of the 
first bull association in 1884. The initial step was taken by two 
farmers 53 — J. M. Friis, a tenant, and Fr. Hvass, an estate-farm 
owner. The plan was to organize a bull association in each com- 
munity as a means for improving the native cattle breeds along the 
most economical and scientific lines. The merits of the plan were 
readily recognized by the State, and in 1887 the Federal Government 
appropriated funds to be used for developing the breeding-associa- 
tion idea. With this encouragement the movement spread rapidly; 
and, in 1890. 66 cattle-breeding associations were receiving grants 
for bulls owned. The development is shown in Table 13. 
Table 13. — Bull associations receiving Federal aid. 1 
Year. 
Number 
of 
associa- 
tions. 
Number 
Amount of 
Federal grants. 
Year. 
Number 
of 
associa- 
tions. 
Number 
of bulls. 
Amount of 
Federal grants. 
of bulls. 
Danish 
kroner. 
Dollars. 2 
Danish 
kroner. 
Dollars.-' 
1900 
634 
1,095 
1,259 
1,260 
710 
1,369 
1,464 
1,463 
1,325 
70, 000 
181, 050 
220, 000 
220, 000 
203, 000 
18, 760 
48,521 
58, 960 
58, 960 
54, 404 
1912 
1913 
1,072 
934 
911 
925 
. 1, 274 
1,228 
1,123 
1,104 
1,048 
1,446 
190, 000 
91, 000 
84,000 
88,000 
109, 005 
50.920 
1905- _ 
24. 388 
1909 
1914 ... 
22, 126 
1910 
1915 
1921 
22. 40.i 
1911 
1,145 
19. 381 
1 Source: Hertel, H. Andelsbevagelsen Danmark, 1917, p. 327. Landokonomiske Aarbog, 1922. 
2 Converted at par of exchange prior to 1914; subsequently at average prevailing exchange as quoted by 
Federal Reserve Board. 
The Government places great emphasis on exhibit of the better 
livestock at the local agricultural shows and on use of the cow-testing 
association, which accounts for the fact that to participate in the 
Federal Government aid, the rules and general functioning of the 
bull association must meet with the approval of the Ministry of 
Agriculture. The general form of organization required by the 
Ministry of Agriculture in order to receive Federal aid is:"' 4 (1) 
The bull association must have at least 10 members: it often has from 
20 to 50. The average association comprises 20 to 25 members, in- 
cluding both small and large farms. (2) Adherence to veterinary 
inspection of both bulls and cows is demanded. (3) After the age 
of 1-J years, bulls belonging to associations may receive a yearly 
giant, provided that the bull meets the required placings at the local 
and State agricultural livestock shows. Members are required to 
exhibit airy offspring from the sire when requested. According to 
the present law, an association bull may receive grant of 80 to 125 
kroner ($21.44 to $33.50 at par of exchange) each year. The amount 
of the grant is largely determined by the percentage of the members' 
cows in the cow-testing association. If less than 50 per cent of the 
members' cows are in cow-testing associations, the grant is only 80 
kroner ($21.44) : from 50 to 75 per cent the grant scales from 
80 to 125 kroner ($21.44 to $33.50), and with over 75 per cent the 
'Hertel, n. Andelsbevagelsen i Danmark, 1917, i>. •"'•it. 
1 Lav "in Husdyravlens og Husdyrbrugets Fremme, Landbrugs Minlateriet, Copenhagen. 
