AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION IN DENMARK. 
79 
on the Island of Seeland in 1886. Both were formed to further the 
light Frederiksborg breed. The first horse-breeding association to 
further the Jutland breed was formed on the Jutland Peninsula in 
188V 7 by 100 peasants, who owned good mares and stallions. The 
association first aimed to improve the selection of the best mares 
in the community, and a committee saw that the best mares and 
stallions owned by the members were mated. Under the law of 
1887 regarding livestock improvement, the Government provided 
grants to stallions purchased by such associations. The purchase 
of the best stallions then became the chief aim. This gave the horse- 
breeding associations (stallion associations) a more* definite form, 
the size of membership generally being determined by the number 
of farmers whose good mares could be served by one stallion. Asso- 
ciations of this type sprang up all over the country and by 1890 
they numbered 38. 
The Government appropriations for grants to stallions increased 
from 2,000 kroner ($536) to 20,000 kroner ($5,360) during the first 
five years, but the rapid increase in the number of associations 
gradually decreased the amount of each grant. In 1893 the law 
was revised, requirements regulating the amount of the grant to each 
stallion were promulgated, and the appropriation was increased to 
4,000 kroner ($1,072). Since then the law has been revised several 
times, both as to the size of grant and requirements of the associa- 
tions owning stallions to which grants were made. Since 1912, the 
State aid has been gradually decreasing. (See Table 15.) 
Table 15. — Horse-breeding associations receiving Federal aid. 1 
Year. 
Associa- 
tions. 
Stal- 
lions. 
Amount of Fed- 
eral grants. 
Year. 
Associa- 
tions. 
Stal- 
lions. 
Amount of Fed- 
eral grants. 
Danish 
kroner. 
Dollars.2 
Danish 
kroner. 
Dollars.* 
1900 
Number. 
203 
233 
270 
280 
267 
Number. 
254 
273 
312 
295 
281 
50, 000 
116, GOO 
159, 000 
161, 000 
169, 000 
13, 400 
31, 088 
42,612 
43, 148 
45, 292 
1913 
Number. 
267 
259 
201 
163 
370 
Number. 
272 
263 
205 
167 
550 
154, 000 
138, 000 
102, 000 
75, 000 
96, 503 
41, 272 
1905 .. 
1914 
36, 349 
1909 
1915 
25, 969 
1911 
1916 
20, 835 
1912 
1921.. 
17, 158 
* Source: Hertel, H. Andelsbevagelsen i Danroark, 1917, p. 350, and Landokonomisk Aarbog, 1922. 
* Converted at par of exchange prior to 1914, subsequently at average rates prevailing as quoted by 
Federal Reserve Board. 
GOVERNMENT GRANTS TO ASSOCIATION STALLIONS. 
The grant is now one-fourth of the stallion's cash purchase price, 
but the grant to any one stallion may not exceed 2,000 kroner. The 
grant is remitted to the association annually in four yearly install- 
ments. If a stallion is to receive a grant, the Government demands 
the following: 58 (1) The horse-breeding association must have at 
least 20 members and its constitution and by-laws must be recog- 
nized by the Ministry of Agriculture. (2) Stallions must be of a 
certain quality and possess superior breeding qualities. Stallions 
57 De Samvirkende Jvdske Hesteavlsforninger 1888-1913, p. 13. 
58 Lov om Foransta'ltninger til Husdyravlens og Husdyrbrugets Fremme, Landbrugs 
Ministeriet, Copenhagen. 
