80 BULLETIN 1266, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
must be 4 years old or over. At 4 and 5 years the animal must win 
at certain specified provincial and State livestock shows and so must 
its offspring-. During the four years (age 4, 5, 6, and 7) the stallion 
must show at least 40 per cent breeding returns. (3) Stallions re- 
ceiving grants must be allowed to cover up to eight mares from non- 
members, selected by the State horse specialist each year. This pro- 
viso is designed to improve the breed in general, as the best mares 
may not be owned by members of an association with an outstanding 
stallion. (4) The association with a Government grant must arrange 
for a classification judging for mares (Hopp&-K daring) at least 
once every three years. 
A typical horse-breeding association usually has from 50 to 100 
farmers, with 125 to 150 mares. Some associations may have two 
stallions, including a promising young horse. Each member has one 
vote. The board of directors consists of five or seven members, 
elected by the membership, who assume direct charge of the asso- 
ciation's affairs. 
The common practice is to elect a buying committee, consisting of 
three experienced, capable horse breeders, from among the member- 
ship. The general meeting may express a desire as to the type of 
stallion desired or may leave the selection and buying to the com- 
mittee. 
Payment of a cash sum plus a fixed amount on condition of prizes 
won is the common method of buying stallions in Denmark. This 
conditional money is paid over a period of years, as the stallion wins 
the different prizes at the shows. If the stallions win all the sched- 
uled prizes, the buyer will eventually pay the seller the full amount 
of this conditional money. This seldom occurs. However, the seller 
of a good individual may expect to receive a part of this conditional 
money. 
Two common methods are employed by the horse breeding asso- 
ciations to provide capital for buying the stallion: (1) Initial pay- 
ment of a. fixed sum is made by each member. This may constitute 
only half of the purchasing price of the stallion, and the balance- 
is provided by loan through the bank or some individual. (2) A 
loan of the full purchase sum is secured from a bank. In all cases 
the members are jointly and severally responsible for any financial 
obligations incurred by the association. The breeding fees vary ac- 
cording to the class of the stallion. The best stallions always pay 
for themselves, while the poorer ones usually leave the association 
with a deficit. Each member may have one breeding privilege, and 
the remainder are sold at auction where preference is usually given 
to members. 
The associations in the different provinces are usually federated. 
On the Jutland Peninsula, 225 horse-breeding associations have 
formed the Federated Jutland Horse-Breeding Association. This 
federation promotes and arranges for the classification judgings of 
stallions and mares: it conducts special horse courses for young men 
eaeli year: it maintains a breed register, etc. The federation also 
employs a horse specialist, who devotes his full time to the interests 
of horse breeding in the Jutland Province. 
