14 BULLETIN 1266, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
DAIRY INDUSTRY AND COOPERATION. 
EARLY DAYS OF DANISH DAIRY INDUSTRY. 
The first interest in dairying in Denmark began with the larger 
estate farms about 1830-1840. The estate farm owners at this time 
were fully aware of the need of improved soil fertility if produc- 
tion was to be profitable on their farms. The keeping of cows 
would furnish the manures which their lands needed. It was merely 
a question with them of making dairying profitable. Incidentally 
they became, interested in better dairying and the manufacture of 
dairy products which could be disposed of favorably on the foreign 
market. A large unit of butter production would justify the em- 
ployment of skilled butter makers and dairy equipment, especially 
when they could market large quantities of first-class butter of a 
fairly uniform grade at higher prices. 
Until 1850 only a few milk cows were kept on the peasant farms 
(Bdndergcuirdt. middle-size farms). They were mainly to utilize 
the summer grasses, hay, and straw during the winter months, and 
to provide a few cattle to sell for meat. In addition to raising 
calves, the milk production was partly consumed by the family and 
only a small part was made into butter and cheese. These dairy 
products, however, were made in small batches, and the quality was 
often poor. 
ENGLISH MARKETS. 
With increased butter production on the estate farms in the middle 
of the last century, Denmark exported small quantities of butter. 
Some went to Norway, and the remainder was sent through the Kiel 
and Hamburg markets, later reaching England as Kiel butter. The 
antipathy aroused between Germany and Denmark as a result of the 
wars of 1848-1850 and 1864, prompted the Danish traders to seek 
direct market contacts in England, which were greatly accommo- 
dated by the establishment of regular steamship transportation 
facilities between Denmark and England in 1865. These new mar- 
ket possibilities for Danish butter, together with the declining mar- 
kets for Danish export grain, brought great influence to bear upon 
the change from grain farming to dairying 1 in Denmark at this 
period. 
NEED OF STANDARDIZATION. 
The Danish farmer found that, to place a product successfully 
on a foreign market this product should appear on the market in 
large quantity and should be of one fairly uniform grade. Even 
in the sixties and seventies, when Danish butter first began to come 
on the English markets, the English buyers did not have time to 
-ample and inspect a large number of small shipments of butter. 
The English butter traders not only wanted shipments of butter in 
Large quantities of one grade, but they offered higher prices for 
large shipments. The estate fanners were much better equipped to 
supply this advantageous market demand than the smaller farmers. 
Small farmers could not sell many small batches of different grades 
of butter on the English market. Even if these small lots were 
gathered up through the local village storekeepers and the bulk 
