AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION" IN DENMARK. 7 
turned to England for their new market; (2) the perfection of mod- 
ern transportation both on land and water flooded European markets 
with cheap grains from the fertile agricultural regions in the new 
parts of the world; and (3) the need of improving the soil fertility 
was early recognized by the Danish farmers and this alone presented 
an urgent appeal to turn to livestock. 
As a result, Denmark gradually changed from a surplus grain- 
exporting to a grain-importing country. From a small beginning in 
about 1880, the importation of feeding stuffs in 1913 amounted to 
more than 3,000,000,000 pounds of oil cakes, bran, maize, and other 
grains for feeding purposes. Her home production was increased 
about 85 per cent from 1880 to 1914, 4 but the grain production sup- 
plied only 60 per cent of her annual consumption in pre-war years. 
The three leading agricultural export products — butter, bacon, and 
eggs (fig. 4) — are consumed chiefly in Great Britain. Ranking next 
in order, the comparatively large surplus of cattle, meats, and horses 
in pre-war years found their chief outlet in Germany. The Danish 
seed industry also supplies; a large surplus of field and garden seeds 
which are exported to many countries, including large quantities each 
year to the United States. 
The development of the agricultural industry of Denmark is shown 
by the fact that the value of her exported agricultural products now 
constitutes approximately nine-tenths of the value of her total exports. 
Her geographical situation between the densely populated indus- 
trial countries, Great Britain and Germany, was an important factor 
in this development. Both of these countries furnish large modern 
markets where finished agricultural foodstuffs are in great demand. 
DANISH AGRICULTURE TO-DAY. 
Danish agriculture is characterized by a uniform system of farm- 
ing practiced throughout the country. The plan of crop production 
is uniform, with the exception of a few sections where, on some 
farms, seed production, sugar-beet growing, or horse raising is a 
specialty, and on practically all Danish farms the primary aim in 
the management of the individual farm is to keep dairy cows, grow 
the bacon type of hogs, and raise chickens. 
In the development of the new Danish agriculture, dairying plays 
the leading part, and the primary aim in Danish land utilization is 
the growing of forage, roots, and grain crops for feeding purposes. 
A surplus of grain for sale occurs only on a few large estate farms. 
Seventy-eight per cent of the total area of Denmark 5 is in agri- 
cultural land. About 7 per cent of the total area is forest, includ- 
ing the extensive areas of heath in Jutland which have been planted 
with French mountain firs and red spruce during the last 60 years. 
Denmark's forest areas have nearly doubled since 1860. Over 
1,500,000 acres of waste lands, heath, and moorlands have been re- 
claimed and converted into forests and farm lands. 
About 66 per cent of the total land area is under actual cultiva- 
tion. According to an official statistical survey in 191 9, 6 37.2 per 
cent of the total cultivated area was utilized for growing grain; 
4 Darsen. O. H., Landbrugets Historie og Statistik, 1921, p. 299. 
5 Denmark's Statisti-ske Department, Statistisk Aarbog, 1922, 
6 Stati&tisk Aarbog, 1922, p. 43. 
