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144 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
This variety is a few days earlier than Turkey and has a softer kernel. Ex- 
cept under certain unfavorable weather conditions, the glumes of Blackhull 
have black stripes on the surface or sometimes are almost entirely black. 
History—tThis variety was originated by Earl G. Clark (63), of Sedgwick, 
Kans., as a selection from a field of Turkey. He states: 
The Clark’s Black Hull wheat is a wenderful hardy variety of wheat that 
I have developed from three black heads found in 1912. It has proven superior 
to all other varieties of winter wheat. 
The variety was first distributed by Mr. Clark in the fall of 1917. 
Distribution.—Grown in Harvey County, Kans. 
Synonym—Black Chaff. This name is occasionally used for the Blackhull 
variety. 
TURKEY (TURKEY RED). 
Description—Plant winter habit, midseason, midtall; stem white, slender, 
weak; spike awned, fusiform, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, 
midlong, midwide; shoulders wanting to narrow, oblique; beaks 2 to 8 mm. 
long; awns 8 to 8 cm. long; kernels dark red, midlong, hard, ovate to elliptical ; 
germ small; crease narrow to midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush small, 
midlong. 
This variety is winter hardy and drought resistant, which accounts for its 
wide cultivation. The first leaves of the stool are narrow and of a dark- 
green color. The kernels are usually distinguishable because of their dark-red | 
color and small germ. A spike, glumes, and kernels of ‘Turkey wheat are shown 
in Plate XL, A, and a single spike in Plate IV, Figure 5. : 
History—wTurkey is the name most commonly used for the Crimean group 
of hard winter wheats grown in the United States. Many histories of this 
wheat have been written. That recorded by Carleton (60, p. 298-399) is given 
here, however, as he introduced many strains and spent much time in an at- 
tempt to determine accurately the history of the wheat. 
The original home of hard winter wheat is in the area of Russia just north 
and east of the Black Sea and north of the Caucasus Mountains. The area 
includes chiefly the governments of Taurida (including the Crimea), Ekaterino- 
slav, Kharkof, and Stavropol, and the Don and Kuban territories. In that 
region the wheat is generally called simply winter wheat, but is known locally 
by various names as Krimka (Crimean), Kharkof, Beloglina, Ulta, Torgova, 
RCE a 
The history of hard winter wheat in the United States is closely associated 
with the nrovement of Russian Mennonite immigrants to the middle Great 
Plains. These people originally went from west Prussia to southern Russia 
about 1770 because of certain land grants and civil privileges offered by the © 
Government under Empress Catherine. One hundred years later their de- 
secendants desiring further advantages to be obtained in America emigrated 
to the middle Great Plains and settled principally in Kansas. The greater 
number were from the Molochna colonies in northern Taurida, but some were | 
from the Crimea proper, and others from Ekaterinoslay. The first settlements 
in Kansas were made in 1873, near Newton, Halstead, and Moundridge. Each 
fanrily brought over a bushel or more of Crimean wheat for seed, and from this 
seed was grown the first crop of Kansas hard winter wheat. Bernard War- 
kentin, a miller, who erected mills at Newton and Halstead, was chiefly in- 
strumental in introducing the Turkey wheat, but in this pioneer movement of 
the Mennonites two other men were associated, Christian Krehbiel, first a 
farmer, but who later in 1886 erected a mill at Moundr idge, and C. B. [oa 
acting as immigration agent for the Santa Fe Railroad. 
Distribution.—Grown in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, ‘ia 
Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- 
souri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, 
