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CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN WHEAT VARIETIES. 189 
KUBANKA, 
Description.—Plant spring habit, midseason, tall; stem white, midstrong; 
spike awned, broadly oblong, dense, inclined to nodding; glumes glabrous, 
yellowish, midlong, wide; shoulders midwide, usually rounded; beaks wide, 
1 mm. long; awns yellowish, 6 to 15 em. long; Kernels white (amber), large, 
hard, elliptical; germ midsized; crease midwide, shallow; cheeks angular; 
brush midsized, short. 
Kubanka is a high-yielding variety and is more resistant to stem rust than 
Arnautka. It differs from Arnautka in having shorter, denser, and more 
erect spikes, and shorter beaks and kernels. It also is a better milling variety 
than Arnautka. A spike, glumes, and kernels of Kubanka wheat are shown 
in Plate LVII, B, and a single spike in Plate IV, Figure 6. 
History —The Kubanka variety is of Russian origin. More than a dozen 
importations into the United States have been made. The principal introduc- 
tion of the variety was made in 1900 by M. A. Carleton, of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, from Uralsk Territory, Russia (197, S. P. I. No. 
5639). The original seed of this introduction was grown under contract in 
New Mexico and South Dakota in 1901, and the following year 200 bushels 
of seed were distributed to many growers. The distribution was continued 
by the Department up to 1909. Aside from the distribution made by the 
United States Department of Agriculture, both the North Dakota and South 
Dakota experiment stations distributed large quantities to growers. The 
Kubanka first proved specially well adapted to the drier western portions of 
the Great Plains area. In recent years it has proved well adapted to the 
more humid sections also and is now considered the best adapted of the durum 
varieties to all of the varying conditions in the northern spring-wheat section 
of the United States. 
Distribution —Grown in Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Durum wheat was reported from a dozen 
other States in 1919, but it can not be determined just what proportion of 
the distribution shown is of the Kubanka variety. 
Synonyms.—Beloturka, Gharnovka, Pererodka, Taganrog, and Yellow Ghar- 
novka. 
Beloturka (meaning white Turk) is of Russian origin and, like Kubanka, 
has also been introduced into the United States many times. The wheat 
received under this name has proved to be similar to Kubanka. In both 
Russia and Algeria, where Beloturka wheat is widely grown, the name is used 
as synonymous with Kubanka. 
The Gharnovka variety was obtained in two lots (197, 8S. P. I. Nos. 5643 and 
5646) from Taganrog, Territory of the Don Cossacks, Russia, by M. A. Carleton, 
for the United States Department of Agriculture in 1900. These both proved 
to be very similar to Kubanka, and they were grown in experiments in the 
northern Great Plains for a number of years, but have now been discontinued 
at most points because they did not prove to be superior to Kubanka in yield. 
Pererodka was first obtained by M. A. Carleton, for the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture in 1899 from the Orsk district, Orenburg Government, 
Russia (197, S. P. I. No. 2954). Concerning the name of this wheat Carleton 
(59, p. 18) has written as follows: 
This wheat is very closely allied to Kubanka. The word Pererodka means 
something regenerated or degenerated. In the case of its application to this 
sort of wheat, it is apparently understood to have the latter meaning. As 
already stated, when Kubanka wheat, by transference to darker soil, becomes 
softer and darker grained, it is called Pererodka. 
