194 BULLETIN 1074, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF EMMER. 
SPIKE AWNED. Page. 
GLUMES GLABROUS. 
GLUMES WHITH (Triticum dicoccum farrum Bayle). 
SPRING HABIT. 
Straw white. 
Plant eaaly. eShoie ty: ee ee ee ee ee ORCA EV eee 194 
Straw purple. 
Plant late, midtalit Bibel <av Ray See VERNABLI LYE Siesd 194 
GLUMES PUBESCENT. 
GLUMES BuAcK (T. d. atratum Al.). 
WINTHR TE ABIT 4 tite (Eiht) Eee TR eee BLACK WINTER___ = 195 
DESCRIPTIONS, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, AND SYNONYMY OF EMMER VARIETIES. 
KHAPLI, 
Description.—Plant spring habit, early, short; stem white, midstrong; spike 
awned, broadly oblong, middense, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, 
narrow; shoulders midwide, oblique to elevated; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 min. 
long; awns white, 2 to 12 cm. long; kernels red, long, hard, elliptical, acute. 
humped, curved, usually remaining in the glumes when thrashed ; germ small; 
crease narrow to midwide, shallow; cheeks usually rounded; brush small, long. 
Khapli differs from the common White Spring emmer chiefly in being earlier 
and in having shorter stems and wider spikes. . 
History.—A sample of this emmer was first obtained in 1908 by the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture from Hoshungabad, Central Provinces, India. Seed was 
grown at University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., and the variety has proved of in- 
terest and value for breeding, because of its immunity from stem rust. The 
variety has yielded well in experiments in South Dakota. 
Distribution.—Grown to a slight extent in South Dakota and at several 
experiment stations. 
Synonym.—Kathiawar is an emmer similar to Khapli. It was obtained in 
1914 and again in 1915 (197, S. P. I. Nos. 39227 and 40919) by the United States 
Department of Agriculture, from the district of Kathiawar, north of Bombay. 
It is said to grow wild in Kathiawar, a very dry district on the west coast of 
India, but there is no proof of this. 
VERNAL (WHITE SPRING.) 
Description.—Plant spring habit, late, midtall; stem purple, midstrong; spike 
awned, fusiform, middense, nodding; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, midwide; 
shoulders midwide, oblique; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awns white, 
2 to 12 cm. long; kernels red, long, hard, ovate to elliptical, acute, humped, 
usually remaining in the glumes when thrashed; germ small; crease narrow to 
midwide, shallow; cheeks usually rounded; brush small, long. 
A spike, glumes, a spikelet, and kernel of Vernal (White Spring) emmer are 
shown in Plate LVIII, A. | 
History.—The origin of emmer dates from prehistoric times. In historic 
times it seems to have been cultivated first in Switzerland. It is now grown 
extensively in Germany and Russia, where the White Spring emmer as aboye 
described is the most common variety. It is not known when this variety was 
first brought to the United States, but it was grown by farmers in the northern 
Great Plains States probably as early as 1875. In recent years its cultivation 
has greatly increased. It has long been called White Spring, but is here named 
Vernal. 
