AGRICULTURAL SURVEY OF EUROPE. 89 
up to pre-war normal more rapidly than cereal production. But 
there is no post-war census of livestock for Slovakia. 
Employing: the data given in the Hungarian Census of 1911 and 
estimating the number of live animals that were at that time in the 
territory now comprised within the boundaries of Slovakia, the 
following approximation of the livestock within Slovak territory 
in 1911 is obtained: In 1911, horses, 181,555; cattle, 1,095,919: 
swine, 564,036; sheep, 660,407; total, 2,501,917. The figures pub- 
lished by Czechoslovakia as the 1920 enumeration of livestock in 
Slovakia are identically the same as the figures for the same territory 
calculated from the census of 1911. 
There is, as noted, a wheat and rye surplus produced in Slovakia. 
It is probable that the Czech demand for wheat and the local demand 
for rye will in years to come keep the ratios at which the cereals are 
seeded about trie same as they have been in the past on farms operated 
by Slovak peasants. That is to say, there are probably no forth- 
coming factors affecting production strong enough to influence the 
agricultural habits of the Slovak population, and in the future they 
will continue to farm in the same way that they have done in the 
past. 
CZECH COLONIZATION IN SLOVAKIA. 
The Czech Government, however, is attempting to improve 
general productivity of these Slovak counties, by colonizing the 
abandoned estates with more progressive farmers. 
It is reported that agencies are locating Czechs in America who 
have a practical knowledge of agriculture, who have made a success 
in this country and who have amassed sufficient capital to swing a 
modernlv-equipped farming proposition. These Americanized Czechs 
are receiving attractive offers of land in Slovakia and thousands are 
reported to be returning to Czechoslovakia to throw in their fortunes 
with the Republic. 
It is hoped that their example will stimulate the Slovaks to higher 
endeavors. In any case each such Czech farmer will help increase 
Slovak production in just so far as he is a better farmer than the 
natives and the movement must work toward a general improvement 
in Czechoslovak agriculture. 
FORMER HUNGARIAN TERRITORY ^RUTHENIA). 
In addition to cereal production the principal branches of agri- 
culture in Ruthenia or sub-Carpathian Russia are sugar beet culture 
in the low lands, potato growing for alcohol in the foothills, and 
cattle grazing and forage production in the uplands of the Carpathian 
Mountains. The district is also semi-industrial, with mining, lum- 
bering, and some manufacture as the chief industries. Table 114 
gives the contrast of the crop of 1922 with the areas seeded for the 
average crop years 1911-1915: 
