104 BULLETIN 1234, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Table 136. — Cereal acreage in South Serbia. 
Crop. 
Pre-war average. 
1920 
1921 
Wheat 
Acres. 
391,060 
203, 240 
190,267 
148,260 
301, 709 
Per cent. 
31.7 
16.5 
15.4 
12.0 
24.4 
Acres. 
338,268 
135, 149 
189,511 
102,302 
244, 0S3 
Per cent. 
33.5 
13.4 
18.8 
10.1 
24.2 
Acres. 
349,031 
139, 646 
197,191 
94,115 
239,077 
Per cent. 
34.2 
Rye ... 
13 7 
Barley 
19.4 
Oats 
9 2 
Corn 
23.5 
Total 
1,234,536 
100.0 
1,009,313 
225,223 
100.0 
1,019,060 
215, 476 
100 
Decrease from pre-war average 
It will be noted that corn is produced much less extensively than 
in the old Kingdom and that rye occupies a much more important 
place in the agriculture of this district than in any other part of 
Yugoslavia. Wheat and rye form a greater part of the diet than in 
old Serbia, and in the absence of accurate data it has been assumed 
that the Mohammedans of south Serbia consume about the same 
amounts of wheat and rye as the Mohammedans of Bosnia, thus 
giving a per capita consumption of 2.77 bushels per year. 
On the basis of the actual net production and the use of this norm, 
the theoretical surplus for export was about 382,000 bushels in 1921. 
Such a small surplus scattered through Macedonia and the mountains 
of the western part of the district is difficult to collect for export, and 
the greater part necessarily remained in the country. It may be 
noted, however, that in 1921 the exports to Greece were: Wheat and 
flour in terms of wheat 92,000 bushels, oats 200,000 bushels, and corn 
118,000 bushels. The diminished production of cereals is accounted 
for as in old Serbia by the shortage of labor, animals, and machinery. 
It is, however, probable that this district will soon recover and have 
an appreciable surplus of wheat and rye either for export or for 
shipment to the deficient areas of Yugoslavia. This surplus will prob- 
ably amount to— from 740,000 to 920,000 bushels. 
MONTENEGRO. 
The political, social, and economic conditions in Montenegro were 
much the same as in south Serbia and Bosnia. The land was held by 
the feudal lords of the old Turkish regime. The greater number of 
these lords were of Serbian blood, descendants of the Serbian nobles 
who, when the Turks conquered the country, gave their allegiance to 
the Sultan in order to hold their estate. After a time the Serbian 
tribemen were reduced to serfdom. In return for the privilege of 
working their land holding, the serf paid dues to the '"beg" or lord. 
In 1919 some of the lords refused to take dues, leaving the peasants 
in full possession of the land. The rest of the peasants refused to pay 
dues and retained the plots of land which they had been holding from 
the lord under the old regime. 
Thus the land reform was simply and effectually accomplished, 
without greatly affecting the agricultural customs and habits of the 
country, as far as concerned tne character of the crops cultivated 
and the ratios in which they were seeded, although tne total area 
cultivated has decreased. 
