110 BUIXETIN 1234, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Germany. This export wheat must have come largely from the 
Voivodina region. If we employ the pre-war norm of 5.9 bushels 
as the wheat and rye requirement, we would have in this district a 
surplus of only 1,700,000 bushels, which is obviously too small, as 
over 4,000,000 bushels were actually shipped. But if we put the 
German, Hungarian, and other similar populations on the Hungarian 
ration of 6.13 bushels, and the Serbian, Slavic, and Rumanian popu- 
lations (54 per cent of the total) on the old Serbian ration of 2.25 
bushels, we arrive at the norm of 4.03 bushels per capita per year for 
the entire population of Voivodina. Employing this norm we 
arrive at a theoretical surplus for export of 4,298,000 bushels, which 
is nearer the true situation than the theoretical surplus obtained by 
the use of the Hungarian norm. This surplus is, however, only 
about one-third of the average pre-war surplus, even with the use 
of the 5.9 bushel norm for the earlier period. 
THE FUTURE OF YUGOSLAVIA'S GRAIN TRADE. 
The present internal grain trade of Yugoslavia is somewhat 
artificial due to the domination of former Hungarian and Austrian 
commercial influence in the district of Voivodina, the district having 
the greatest grain surplus. If the needs of the country's own popu- 
lation were supplied in the same degree as before the war there 
would be large imports of grain and no exports. But these needs 
are not being supplied because of difficulties of transport, lack of an 
internal distributing organization, and the superior organization in 
the surplus districts of the banks which concentrate grain for export. 
They do this because they are already organized to do it, The 
trade is profitable and they know the credit standing of their buyers. 
However, all this must be and will be reorganized in time. The 
annual exportation of grain from Yugoslavia will average about 
100,000 to 200,000 tons when conditions become settled. In good 
years it may rise to 300,000 tons or more and in poor years it may 
fall to zero. 
Since the war the peasants have made a great effort to increase their 
real wealth rather than to accumulate paper money which is steadily 
depreciating. Livestock statistics for the area embracing the old 
Kingdom of Serbia show that there are more cattle in that territory 
to-day than in 1910. Swine also have nearly reached their pre-war 
numbers. This means a demand for feeding stuffs for livestock and, 
consequently, a preference for increasing corn and forage areas, 
rather than for putting land into cash crops, especially wheat, rye, 
and oats. This same tendency is shown in all the countries of the 
Danube Basin. It will probably have a more or less permanent 
effect; that is, the wheat areas will probably not return to their 
pre-war normal. This tendency is a result of the land reform which 
nas abolished the feudal system and given the land of the great 
estates to the peasants. 
In Yugoslavia these reforms had been effected before the war in 
the independent districts, and were therefore only necessary in the 
former Austrian and Hungarian subject States of Croatia, Slavonia, 
Voivodina, and to sonic extent in Bosnia. Thus since the changes 
in the agricultural system have been less, this tendency toward 
increasing the number of Livestock, while marked, is less apparent 
