FARM MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVO AREA. 
15 
furnished by the employer for use in the kitchen. Their total yearly 
earnings would also have been greater if they had sold their farms, 
put out the money at 5 per cent interest, and hired out in this way. 
The actual wages paid to dependable men by the year were fre- 
quently higher than the estimates of the farmers as to the value of 
their own year's work. These wages usually range from $420 to $480 
per year. 
INFLUENCE OF OUTSIDE LABOR ON LABOR INCOME. 
In commenting on group one, Table 1, the fact was mentioned that 
outside labor was very important in increasing the labor income of 
the small operators in 1914. Table 12 is presented to show just how 
important this item really is. 
Table 12. — Importance of outside labor in increasing income on small farms. 
(Utah Lake Valley.) 
Item. 
First 
group (15 
small farms 
with 20 per 
cent or 
more of 
receipts 
coming 
from out- 
side labor). 
Second 
group (26 
small farms 
[owners] 
showing 
amount of 
receipts 
from out- 
side labor). 
Third 
group (8 
small farms 
[owners], 
with 
additional 
land 
rented, 
showing 
receipts 
from out- 
side labor). 
Fourth 
group (29 
large fruit 
and beet 
farms 
[owners] 
showing 
receipts 
from out- 
side labor). 
Size of farm acres . 
Crop area per farm do . . . 
Capital 
Receipts 
Labor income •. 
Receipts from outside labor 
Percentage of labor income from outside labor 
18.06 
14.25 
$5, 362 
$1, 176 
$430 
$301 
70 
16.48 
13.34 
$6, 142 
$1,311 
$350 
$141 
39 
20.03 
17.00 
$3,597 
$1,026 
$398 
$135 
34 
77.20 
46.05 
$13,337 
$2,460 
$598 
$96 
16 
The total receipts here shown do not include receipts from in- 
creased inventory owing to new machinery bought or improvements 
made. The cash outlay for these items is credited as a receipt, and 
it is also debited as an expense. These items thus cancel each 
other. Many men made no improvements and bought no ma- 
chinery in 1914. The farm receipts on all farms appearing in Table 
12, therefore, are made perfectly comparable, both individually and 
by groups, by omitting the items in question from the receipts. 
This omission gives a figure which represents the receipts from the 
operation of the farm merely as a farm business, and not as af- 
fected by real estate operations or machinery increase. The labor in- 
come is in no way affected. 
The first group in Table 12 comprises those operators whose re- 
ceipts from outside labor amounted to 20 per cent or more of their 
total receipts. There are 15 such operators, 10 small owners, and 5 
small owners with additional land rented. The average farm in this 
