28 BULLETIN 582, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
of the feed on pasture. The time required by the chores decreases 
perceptibly after the 1st of April, and rapidly after the 1st of 
May. The third cutting of alfalfa and -10 to 50 per cent of the 
beet harvest is finished before the labor on live stock becomes espe- 
cially heavy in the fall, about the middle of October. Thereafter 
virtually the only field work on the typical winter-dairy unit is 
the remainder of the beet harvest and the daily cutting of green 
corn fodder from an acre or two of corn grown for succulent feed 
to be fed before fresh beet pulp is available (about November 1). 
"With beet pulp available at 50 cents per ton there is no economy in 
feeding ensilage. 
In one locality near Provo winter dairying is followed almost 
exclusively. The average size of a number of these farms is 155 
acres, with 59 acres in crops. A large portion of the cropped area 
is in alfalfa (28 acres), beets (19.5 acres), and small grain (7.5 
acres). These farms have an average of 40 animal units, of which 
24 are milch cows and 6 are work horses. The other 10" represent 
young dairy and work stock, a few pigs, and a few chickens. The op- 
erator usually keeps a man by the year, and another from March until 
December unless he has one or more partly grown boys who can 
help with the field work in the summer. The boys also help with 
the labor on live stock throughout the year. The farmers in ques- 
tion have to hire considerable extra labor during beet -harvest, and in 
May when that crop is blocked and thinned. Some exchanging of 
labor is also done, though very little. From 7 to 9 cows are milked 
per day per regular man during the crop-growing season. During 
March the regular men devote about 5 hours per day to field work. 
From about April 1 to early May 6 hours a day are spent in the 
field. From early May until the middle of October the farmers 
calculate on averaging 7 hours of field work a day per man. Extra 
labor hired puts in the regular field day of 8 to 8.5 hours. From 
the middle of October until the first of December the regular men 
do not average over 6 hours a day in the field. Thereafter the 
field work ceases' and the second man, if more than one be hired, is 
laid off until March. From about November 1 to April 1 the total 
chores and labor on live stock, including hauling the milk not over 
1.25 miles, require from 6.5 to 7 hours of man labor per day for each 
10 cows in the dairy herd. From the middle of May until the 
middle of October this work consumes 4.5 to 5 hours per day. The 
number of cows in the different herds varies from 20 to 28, and the 
number of animal units from 32 to 50. During the winter the 
young stock is nearly always fed in the barnyard, and in the sum- 
mer they require but little attention, as they are on pasture all the 
time. The operators start work at 5 to 5.30 in the morning the year 
round, and finish the evening chores at about 7 o'clock. Each regular 
