FARM MANAGEMENT IN" THE PROVO AREA. 35 
etc. After allowing full value for the manure, most men do not fig- 
ure that this activity pays if anything is to be allowed for labor. 
RANGE CATTLE IN PROVO AREA. 
The farmers in the vicinity of Provo who are turning to range 
cattle as a side line are those who own or can get the use of some of 
the lowland along the lake. This is very good pasture for such 
stock, and considerable coarse, wild hay is cut for winter feeding. 
To date this low shore land does not appear to be used to its full 
capacity. Men who have recently adopted range cattle as an enter- 
prise have bought the stock and grazing permits of others or have 
bought or leased range land outside of the National Forests. In the 
nature of the case, only in rare instances do range cattle constitute a 
practicable side line for the small operators unless they can secure 
the use of some of the low lake-shore pasture. It should be noted, 
however, that the labor required by range cattle is almost entirely 
supplemental to that in crop growing. General farmers able to adopt 
the above enterprise thus have work for the idle winter months when 
their time is not worth a great deal. With other conditions favor- 
able, a man could well afford to price his winter labor on cattle at a 
low figure. 
BABY BEEF. 
A promising enterprise in connection with the cattle enterprise 
would seem to be good feeding and care of the calves for baby- beef. 
With abundant alfalfa hay and some grain the first winter the ani- 
mals should be in fine shape for sale early the following summer, or 
even in the second fall from very good range. The increasing de- 
mand for this class of beef and the high price received for it merit 
close attention from the Utah farmer. Disposal of stock in this 
way will vastly increase the capacity of the range for stock cows, 
and nearly or quite as much is secured for good baby beef as for 
2-year-olds under the present system. An 800-pound 2-year-old steer 
at 6.5 cents per pound brings $52, while baby beef made under the 
above system sells at 14 or 15 months for around $50 per head. In 
this enterprise good grade cows should be used, and a pure-bred bull. 
Men now making baby beef have the calves come in March or April, 
wean them in September or October after spending the summer on 
fairly good pasture, and then place them on a feed of alfalfa hay and 
a mixture of barley and oats. The grain feed is gradually in- 
creased until by the following May each animal receives from 6 to 
10 pounds per day. They are sold in May and June. The receipts 
per cow in the breeding herd are practically twice as large, and the 
money is turned over twice as fast on the same size of investment 
as when the beef is made on the range and sold at 2f years of 
age. Although the feed the first winter costs more than in the old 
