4 BULLETIN 440, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
the relation between trees over 12 inches in diameter breasthigh of 
the four leading species, in very good sugar and yellow pine stands : 
Area I. 
Area II. 
Average 
diam- 
eter. 
Average 
number 
logs. 
Average 
■diam- 
eter. 
Average 
number 
logs. 
Sugar pine 
Inches. 
42 
38 
33 
31 
9 
8-9 
8 
7 
Inches. 
46 
38 
34 
32 
9 
Yellow pine 
White fir 
g 
Incense cedar 
6 
The average number of 16-foot logs per 1,000 feet, board measure, 
varies from between three and four in the poor stands to between one 
and a half and two in the best. The average for the region is between 
two and three logs per 1,000. 
TYPES OF OPERATIONS. 
The sawmill plants cutting pine lumber in California range from 
the small circular mills which produce not more than 200,000 feet per 
year to one with two large double band mills with a combined annual 
output of 90,000,000 feet. The small mills, either steam or water 
power, are supplied with logs by means of horses or oxen, and operate 
only when there is a local demand for lumber. The large mills run 
two shifts daily and are furnished with logs by logging railroads and 
modern steam logging contrivances or big wheels. Between these 
two extremes are operations of all grades and sizes, the principal inter- 
mediate classes being the circular mills producing from 25,000 to 
40,000 feet daily for the general market and the single band mills. 
Most of the large circular mills are supplied by horse logging with 
trucks or by big wheels or chutes. The single band mills are usually 
supplied by logging railroads and logging donkeys; a few use horse 
trucks or traction engines and trucks. 
Logging and lumbering operations may be classified according to the 
size of the mills, because each mill and the logging equipment which 
supplies it are commonly owned by the same person or corporation. 
Since none of the mills are located on tidewater, or drivable streams, 
there are no log markets nor logging companies such as exist in the 
Pacific Northwest. The 600,000,000 feet of lumber produced in the 
California pine region annually is manufactured by 15 double-band 
mills, 14 single-band mills, 25 large circular mills, and a host of small 
circular mills. Each of these implies a separate lumbering operation, 
except in the case of one concern operating two double-band mills 
and another having one single band and one large circular, each with 
a resaw. 
