10 BULLETIN 440, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
A modern mill town recently constructed in connection with a double- 
band mill is reported to have cost as follows: 
Mess house §3, 700 
Bunk house 2, 200 
Sewer system 3, 400 
Water system 3, 200 
Dwellings 18, 000 
Total 30, 500 
BOARDING. 
The cost to the company of boarding men usually ranges from $18 
to $22 per month, a figure of $20 being the average at mill camps 
and the one commonly used by most companies in figuring costs. 
At camps where the employees are required to pay board the rates 
range from $20 a month to 25 cents per meal, the equivalent of $22.50 
per month. 
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CUT. 
CULL. 
Cull is the discount from the gross scale because of rot, breakage, 
or defects in form. The figures available are based principally upon 
the judgment of competent timber estimators and scalers, not on 
actual measurements. Sugar and yellow pine are the least defective 
and are discounted from to 4 per cent, and sometimes 5 per cent. 
Douglas fir is quite defective in many parts of the region, par- 
ticularly in the Coast Range, where the cull ranges from 10 to 25 
per cent. White fir has from 10 to 25 per cent cull throughout the 
region, and red fir stands have about the same amount. Because of 
its peckiness, incense cedar is the most defective and is culled from 
15 to 40 per cent. Measurements covering an area of 360 acres 
on the Shasta Forest gave the following losses through defects and 
breakage: Sugar pine, 14.5 per cent; yellow pine, 10 per cent; 
Douglas fir, 23.5 per cent; white fir, 15 per cent; and incense cedar, 
17 per cent. 
UTILIZATION. 
In the private operations, which make up the bulk of the logging 
in this region, all of the timber is cut and removed which is con- 
sidered merchantable by the Operator. Stumps are cut from 16 to 
36 inches in height, the average for most operations being from 24 
to 28 inches. Tops are utilized to limits of from 8 or 10 inches in 
smooth pine to 14 or 16 inches in rough timber, the average being 
between 10 and 12 inches for pine and about 12 or 13 inches for fir 
and cedar. The smallest trees cut are about 14 or 15 inches inside 
the bark on the stump for pine and 15 or 16 inches for fir and cedar. 
Some concerns log all trees down to these limits, while others take 
only the pine and the best and most accessible of the fir and cedar. 
This difference in policy is usually based on different logging and 
