22 BULLETIN 440, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Each set of wheels makes about 19 or 20 trips daily. In addition to 
a team and driver for each pair of wheels, there are two men and a 
team to bunch the logs, and a fifth man to dig chain holes under the 
bunches. The cost of bunching is about $7.10 per day, or 31 cents 
per 1,000; and of hauling, about $15 per day, or 65 cents per 1,000. 
The other extreme is found in a stand of timber averaging about two 
logs per 1.000, where seven pairs of big wheels put in about 120,000 
feet daily; maximum haul one-fourth mile. Each pair of wheels 
has a team and teamster. The remainder of the crew consists of 
four loaders, one snatch teamster, two loadmen, and one barn man. 
The bunching is done by two teams and crews. A snatch team is 
used to help start the heavier loads. The cost of hauling is §60 dailv, 
or 50 cents per 1,000; and the cost of bunching. S26 daily, or 22 cents 
per 1,000. Under conditions only moderately favorable, the average 
daily output to be expected would be about 100.000, at a cost of 86 
cents per 1,000. 
Owing to the weight of the so-called slip-tongues, four horses must 
be used on each pah. A four-horse team will haul a pair of these 
wheels up a grade of from 17 to 20 per cent. On heavier grades the 
wheels must be pulled back over the logs with a cable. When loaded, 
they will readily come down over pitches of 35 per cent; also a slight 
adverse grade can be overcome. They can be used on longer hauls; 
the maximum (where truck hauling becomes cheaper) is reported to 
be 1-J- miles. The reason for these differences in operation lies in the 
slip-tongue device. The tongue, which slides forward or backward 
at will, is attached by a long rod to a lever, which is in turn connected 
with an iron shaft on the top of the axle which tightens or slackens 
the binding chains. Thus, when the load drags, the tongue is pulled 
forward and the load raised, which lightens the draft; conversely, 
when the wheels run ahead, the tongue slides back and the load is 
aUowed to drag and act as a brake. 
On a mile haul with fairly good level road about eight round trips 
are made daily. The average load is about 1.100 feet, making an 
output of 9,000 daily. The labor cost is S9.50 per day. or SI. 06 per 
1,000. One bunching team with two men and one swamper is re- 
quired in the woods for the two wheels. The cost of bunching is 
about 44 cents per 1,000; and the cost of swamping. 14 cents per 
1,000. On a haul of about one-fourth mile a set of slip-tongue high 
wheels makes 14 trips daily with an average load of 1.200 feet. A 
team and one man is required for bunching. The cost is about $1 
per 1,000 for both hauling and bunching. 
Stiff-tongue big wheels are superior for short hauls and good gi ound. 
The slip-tongue type is better for long hauls and slopes over 12 per 
cent. The slip-tongues are sometimes undesirable on timber-sale 
