LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 29 
The most efficient donkey logging in the yellow pine and white fir 
of the East Slope region is done on an operation using 10 by 11 inch 
and 10 by 13 inch machines, both direct and compound geared. The 
logging chance is excellent. The stand is well distributed and the 
timber medium sized, about three logs per 1,000 and five logs per 
tree. The average stand is from 20,000 to 25,000 per acre. The 
surface is smooth and the slopes moderate, mostly from 10 to 20 per 
cent. The railroad is so built that the actual maximum distance is 
from 1,300 to 1,400 feet. Logs are hauled in long lengths and bucked 
by hand at the yarders. The amount yarded daily averages from 
36,000 to 40,000 for the season. The crew at each machine is com- 
posed of 1 hooktender, 2 rigging slingers, 2 swampers, 1 whistlepunk, 
1 frogger, 1 frog shoveler, 1 engineer, and 1 fireman. Water is sup- 
plied through pipes by pumping and gravity. Slab wood from the 
sawmill is used for fuel. 
Compound machines 10§ by 10| inches and 10 by 13 inches are 
used in the northern portion of the East Slope. The timber here is 
large, averaging less than two logs per 1,000. The stand is patchy 
and averages about 20,000 per acre. The surface is smooth but very 
brushy and the slopes are moderate, averaging about 20 per cent. 
The logs are cut into both single and double lengths, though mostly 
into single lengths, because of their large size. The average seasonal 
output is from 25,000 to 26,000 per day. The approximate maxi- 
mum yarding distance is 1,400 feet. Each donkey crew is made up 
of 1 hooktender, 1 head rigging slinger, 2 riggers, 1 choker-hole digger, 
1 knotter, 1 whistlepunk, 1 engineer, and 1 fireman. Fuel is supplied 
by cutting white fir trees into wood, loading this wood on flat cars, 
and hauling it to each yarder. Water is scarce and is supplied in 
tank cars. A line mule is used for stringing line. 
A typical operation in the sugar and yellow pine of the southern 
Sierras combines small tandem drum donkeys for hauls up to 1,200 
feet and large 11 by 13 inch moguls for distances up to 2,000 feet. 
The stand averages from 30,000 to 35,000 per acre, and the trees 
average from six to eight logs. The country is rather rough and the 
chance of more than average difficulty. The slopes are steep, ranging 
from 25 to 50 per cent. The plan of logging involves a railroad along 
the main stream with chutes up the slopes into the timber. The logs 
are yarded in double lengths and bucked with steam saws. The 
smaller machines put in from 23,000 to 25,000 feet daily, with the 
following crew: 1 logger, 2 swampers, 1 rigger, 1 lookout, 1 frogger, 
1 frog shoveler, 1 engineer, 1 fireman, and 1 woodbuck. The larger 
machines average from 28,000 to 30,000 daily, and have the following 
crew: 1 logger, 1 head rigger, 2 riggers, 2 swampers, 1 whistlepunk, 
1 frogger, 1 frog shoveler, 1 engineer, 1 fireman, and 2 woodbucks. 
